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    Gut health in New Zealand vegans : the relationship between dietary fibre and gastrointestinal symptoms : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2024) Corkindale, Chelsea
    Background: Dietary guidelines recommend adequate dietary fibre intake to support normal laxation and gastrointestinal (GI) health. However, excess intake of some fibre types may lead to the onset of gaseous GI symptoms. Internationally, many vegans exceed the dietary fibre recommendations; however, no studies have investigated its link to reports of GI symptoms. Meanwhile, the gut health and dietary fibre intake of NZ vegans have not been investigated; thus, research is needed. Aim: To investigate the relationship between dietary fibre intake and gastrointestinal symptoms among NZ Vegans. Methods: As part of the Vegan Health Research Programme, this cross-sectional study recruited adults aged ≥18yrs who had followed a strict vegan diet for at least two years. Health and demographic data were obtained from questionnaires. Participants completed a 4-Day Food Record to investigate dietary fibre intake, which was compared to the NZ median intake and Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs) for the dietary fibre Adequate Intake (AI) and Suggested Dietary Target (SDT) recommendations. A Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) questionnaire was completed by the participants to investigate the prevalence and severity of GI symptoms. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine whether there was a correlation between GSRS outcomes and dietary fibre intake. Results: Across the GSRS domains, no correlations were found between dietary fibre intake and reports of GI symptoms due to minimal variance in vegans' GSRS scores. Overall, participants (n= 212) reported minimal GI symptoms, ranging on average from ‘no discomfort – minor discomfort’ (GSRS scores 1-2) across the GSRS domains. Females reported worse symptoms of abdominal pain (p=0.02) and indigestion (p<0.001) than males, while younger participants experienced more abdominal pain than older participants (p=0.03), as examined through modelling a binary logistic regression analysis inclusive of dietary fibre intake (g/day), sex, age and BMI. Dietary fibre intake exceeded the NZ median intake (20g/day), averaging 45.91g/day (25th, 75th percentile, 36.33 to 54.75g/day); 97% of participants exceeded the NZ NRV Adequate Intake (AI) (25-30g/day), 90% exceeded the Suggested Dietary Target (SDT) (28-38g/day). While males consumed more dietary fibre than females (52.62g/day versus. 42.24g/day), females had greater energy-adjusted dietary fibre intakes than males (22.21g/1000kcal versus. 20.54g/1000kcal). Finally, the major sources of dietary fibre were legumes, bread, fruit, oats, and vegetables. Conclusion: NZ vegans experience minimal GI symptoms, while their dietary fibre intake exceeds the NZ NRV recommendations and population median intake. Overall, there were no associations between high dietary fibre intake and reports of GI symptoms among NZ vegans.
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    Effect of dietary fibre affecting ad libitum feed intake and feeding behaviour of growing-finishing pigs fed a using single-spaced electronic feeders : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2021) Olumodeji, Shola Gabriel
    The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary fibre on the feeding behaviour of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 32 Duroc x (Large White x Landrace) pigs were used. The study consisted of 16 males and 16 females pigs. The initial liveweight was 22.4±2.2 kg for the male and 22.8±1.9kg for the female. Two pens of 8 females and two pens of 8 were used. The experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial design (2 finisher diets x two sexes), which lasted for ten weeks, and comprised of weeks 1-7 called the grower phase and weeks 8-10 called the finisher phase. The study consisted of two experimental groups (Group 1 and Group 2). The Group 1 pigs were fed the basal diet (13.5 MJ DE/kg + 0.65 g Lys / MJ DE) throughout the study, while the group 2 pigs were fed the basal diet during the growing phase then switched to the fibre-rich test diet (13.6 MJ DE/kg + 0.68 g Lys / MJ DE) during the finishing phase. All diets were pelleted. The test (6% and 24.6%) and basal diet (4.2% and 14.4%) had different CF and NDF levels. The pigs were fed using the Osborne™ electronic feeder. Feeding behaviour data recorded by the electronic feeders were the number of visits, feeding duration (min), feeding rate(g/min) and feed intake per visit (kg). Data cleaning techniques were used to improve the accuracy of the data. Data were transformed to meet the condition of normality and homogeneity of variance. Also, the data was sorted on an hourly basis to reflect the diurnal feeding variation and analysed using the proc mixed function of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary NC). Multiple comparisons were made using Fisher’s LSD method (P<0.05). The pigs fed the basal diet; the female pigs frequently visited the feeder more often but spent a shorter feeding time because they only ate smaller feed quantities (P<0.05). However, the male pigs visited the feeder less often but spent more time feeding because of the large quantity consumed (P<0.05). During their growing phase, all pigs fed the basal diet had an extended feeding time because of their frequent feeding visits than the finishing phase (P<0.05). However, finishing pigs (fed the basal diet) irrespective of their sex had a higher feeding rate and feed intake than growing pigs (P<0.05). The fibre-rich test diet changed the feeding behaviour pattern of the finishing pigs. Overall, finishing pigs fed the fibre-rich diet exhibited reduced hourly feed intake and feeding rate than pigs fed the standard (basal) compound diet (P<0.05). In contrast, the pigs fed the fibre-rich diet's hourly feeding duration and feeding visit was increased than the pigs fed the standard compound diet. Overall, this study concluded that sex, diet, and age influenced the hourly feeding behaviour of the pigs.