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    Seaweed value chain sustainability assessment in the Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agribusiness, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Manawatu Campus, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2024) Mario, Angelo Luigi
    Value chain study has been crucial in developing the agricultural sector in developing countries, including Indonesia. The study of the value chain in the agricultural sector can present a better understanding of value addition improvements within each stage of the value chain. Indonesia is known as the biggest archipelago country in the world; however, the Indonesian fisheries sector’s GDP contribution is relatively low compared to the land agriculture sector, which indicates that it has not reached its full potential in contributing to the country’s economy. In the Indonesian fisheries sector, seaweed is considered to be the main commodity of the sector, with an average production of around 10 times greater than other fisheries commodities. This indicates the importance and influence of seaweed commodity to the Indonesian fisheries sector, hence the improvement in the seaweed sector is expected to bring significant implications to the Indonesian fisheries sector moving forward. However, any development goals must consider sustainability to ensure that the sector's growth does not compromise environmental conditions, social equity, or long-term economic viability. In the seaweed industry, sustainability is essential to maintaining the sector's long-term success and safeguarding the livelihoods of coastal communities. Furthermore, value chain studies in Indonesia are still limited, especially those focusing on the seaweed sector and sustainability assessment. The gap is notable in the Indonesian fisheries sector, where seaweed stands as the most influential commodity based on production volume. Several provinces in Indonesia are known as centers of seaweed production, including East Nusa Tenggara Province, with Kupang Regency being its main contributing area. The main aim of this study is to comprehensively analyse the seaweed value chain in the Kupang Regency and to assess the sustainability of the seaweed value chain. The findings of this study are invaluable to value chain players, policymakers, and other researchers in the development of the Indonesian seaweed industry in terms of optimizing governance and management of the value chains, ensuring their sustainability, and enhancing their socio economic contribution. This study was conducted in the Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. A qualitative approach was used in this study. Primary data was collected using semi-structured interviews with key players of the seaweed value chain in the region, while secondary data was obtained from the local government database. The findings of this study identified that the seaweed value chain in the Kupang Regency is divided into two types of value chains: unprocessed and processed seaweed, which are performed by smallholder farmers, local intermediaries, inter island traders, small-scale processors, and carrageenan processor as the value chain players. In terms of sustainability, the study indicated that the seaweed value chain is more prone to negative impact caused by external factors (climate and pollution-related) outside of the seaweed value chain compared to its internal factors, where both factors have historically imposed a critical threat to the sustainability aspect of the seaweed value chain in the Kupang Regency.
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    Financial and nonfinancial analyses of Nigerian cocoa cooperatives : implications for governance and sustainable development : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2023) Ajayi, Joseph Omotoso
    The objectives of this study were to develop a framework that explains the financial and nonfinancial business performance of Nigerian cocoa cooperatives with implications for governance and sustainability, analyse how governance and sustainable development are reported by cocoa cooperatives and investigate how the relationship between governance and sustainable development can be explored. The study provided answers to the research questions and the three objectives were addressed by using analysis of financial data, interviews, secondary data and case studies. The four largest cocoa cooperatives in the Ondo State of Nigeria which are Akure CMU Ltd, Odode-Idanre CMU Ltd, Owo CMU Ltd and Alade-Idanre CMU Ltd were purposively selected. The study used financial and non-financial documents of the four secondary cooperatives. These are annual reports and books of accounts (2018-2022), progress reports, documents from meetings and public forums, and legal documents (bylaws). Twelve semi-structured interviews were also conducted with three directors from each of the four cooperatives. From the financial analysis, the trend analysis of these financial positions reveals variations among the cooperatives, Akure CMU Ltd generally has higher assets and equity compared to others, while Alade-Idanre CMU Ltd has lower assets and equity. The non-financial analysis revealed that Akure CMU Ltd, Owo CMU ltd, Alade Idanre CMU Ltd, and Odode CMU Ltd all have a statutory 10% of their earnings meant for educational purposes. This was in line with the Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) as a key element of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. On Skill Development and Training, there was enough secondary data from Akure CMU Ltd, Owo CMU Ltd, Alade Idanre CMU Ltd and Odode CMU Ltd to provide evidence of each cooperative commitment to upscaling the skills of its primary cooperatives and their members. As that they have a statutory responsibility for development funding. Their records show that the funding was mostly used for strategic development. The cooperatives also had Women's Engagement and Empowerment commitments, and implemented the Accelerating Action for the Elimination of Child Labour in Supply Chain in Africa (ACCEL- Africa) in Nigeria which is intended to improve awareness and behavioural change by the cooperatives to accelerate the eradication of child labour. The four cooperatives engaged in biodiversity protection and environmental programmes. The results of the interview were able to validate and corroborate most of the findings from most the financial and nonfinancial analysis of the cooperatives.
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    Food for people in place: reimagining resilient food systems for economic recovery
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2020-11-11) Dombroski K; Diprose G; Sharp E; Graham R; Lee L; Scobie M; Richardson S; Watkins A; Martin-Neuninger R
    The COVID-19 pandemic and associated response have brought food security into sharp focus for many New Zealanders. The requirement to “shelter in place” for eight weeks nationwide, with only “essential services” operating, affected all parts of the New Zealand food system. The nationwide full lockdown highlighted existing inequities and created new challenges to food access, availability, affordability, distribution, transportation, and waste management. While Aotearoa New Zealand is a food producer, there remains uncertainty surrounding the future of local food systems, particularly as the long-term effects of the pandemic emerge. In this article we draw on interviews with food rescue groups, urban farms, community organisations, supermarket management, and local and central government staff to highlight the diverse, rapid, community-based responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings reveal shifts at both the local scale, where existing relationships and short supply chains have been leveraged quickly, and national scale, where funding has been mobilised towards a different food strategy. We use these findings to re-imagine where and how responsibility might be taken up differently to enhance resilience and care in diverse food systems in New Zealand.
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    Beyond rules: How institutional cultures and climate governance interact
    (Wiley Periodicals LLC, 2021-11) Bremer S; Glavovic B; Meisch S; Schneider P; Wardekker A
    Institutions have a central role in climate change governance. But while there is a flourishing literature on institutions' formal rules, processes, and organizational forms, scholars lament a relative lack of attention to institutions' informal side; their cultures. It is important to study institutions' cultures because it is through culture that people relate to institutional norms and rules in taking climate action. This review uncovers what work has been done on institutional cultures and climate change, discerns common themes around which this scholarship coheres, and advances and argument for why institutional cultures matter. We employed a systematic literature review to assemble a set of 54 articles with a shared concern for how climate change and institutional cultures concurrently affect each other. The articles provided evidence of a nascent field, emerging over the past 5–10 years and fragmented across literatures. This field draws on diverse concepts of institutionalism for revealing quite different expressions of culture, and is mostly grounded in empirical studies. These disparate studies compellingly demonstrate, from different perspectives, that institutional cultures do indeed matter for implementing climate governance. Indeed, the articles converge in providing empirical evidence of eight key sites of interaction between climate change and institutional cultures: worldviews, values, logics, gender, risk acceptance, objects, power, and relationality. These eight sites are important foci for examining and effecting changes to institutions and their cultures; showing how institutional cultures shape responses to climate change, and how climate change shapes institutional cultures. This article is categorized under: The Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Knowledge and Practice
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    The grounded theory of Coalescence of Perceptions, Practice and Power: An understanding of governance in midwifery practice
    (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2022-11) Ferguson B; Baldwin A; Henderson A; Harvey C
    Aims This study aimed to understand midwifery care during labour, particularly decision-making processes, within Australian health systems. Background Midwifery, founded on a wellness model of motherhood, is at risk of being medicalized. Whilst medical intervention is lifesaving, it requires judicious use. Governance provides oversight to care. Exploring decision-making contributes to understanding governance of practices. Method Straussian grounded theory using semi-structured interviews. Eighteen Australian registered midwives were interviewed about their practice when caring for women during labour. Results Midwives were caught between divergent positions; birth as natural versus birth as risk. Experienced midwives discussed focussing on the woman, yet less experienced were preoccupied with mandatory protocols like early warning tools. Practice was governed by midwives approach within context of labour. The final theory: The Coalescence of Perceptions, Practice and Power, comprising three categories: perceptions and behaviour, shifting practice and power within practice, emerged. Conclusions Coalescence Theory elucidates how professional decision making by midwives during care provision is subject to power within practice, thereby governed by tensions, competing priorities and organizational mandates. Implications for Midwifery Managers Midwifery managers are well positioned to negotiate the nuanced space that envelopes birthing processes, namely, expert knowledge, policy mandates and staffing capability and resources, for effective collaborative governance. In this way, managers sustain good governance.
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    Leadership in extreme contexts : when survival is not enough! : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Emergency Management, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2021) Pepperell, Bruce
    This research examines how people exercise authority during extreme contexts, establishes those capabilities and systems necessary to deliver effective outcomes during such situations, and investigates how, through effective leadership, society can leverage unfortunate events to thrive rather than merely survive. To achieve this, it was necessary to deconstruct the generic term leadership and examine the DNA of each of the various forms of exercising authority (including governance, leadership, management, and command). This revealed concepts that have become lost to contemporary leadership thought and a western theoretical spectrum that sometimes struggles to cope with the dynamism present in extreme contexts. Findings indicate that there is more to leadership than the characteristics and actions of a single individual and that it is not until the system, in its entirety is considered, that many of the opportunities for and challenges to successful mission completion are identified. Additionally, understanding the needs and aspirations of a broad spectrum of society is a necessary antecedent when compiling a list of those individual and collective capabilities required to generate successful outcomes. The study also highlights the importance of evolving perceptions of national security, arising from recent changes to sector definitions, and questions the current roles and utility, along with the fragmented nature, of standing national security assets. The conclusions are intended to complement the current body of scholarly leadership material by introducing the interactive Leadership Capstan to explain and shape the dynamic and complex forces at play during extreme contexts, breaking the leadership challenge into more manageable building blocks. The findings also identify those factors that are more likely to lead to thriving outcomes when the tendency is to address the presenting threats in a more transactional manner. This enhanced scholarly platform is then available to inform those development programmes charged with grooming future leaders and overcoming those deficiencies highlighted in the current policy instruments and structures that the nation employs during response operations.
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    ’Meaning just what I choose it mean – neither more nor less’: The search for governance in Political Science
    (SAGE Publications, 2013-12) Shaw RH
    In recent years, governance has become perhaps the dominant heuristic through which the structuring and exercise of political power is made sense of in political science and its subfields. Only rarely, however, do scholars pause to interrogate either the meaning of the term or the epistemological purposes for which it is deployed. In that context, this article reflects on the state of political science research on governance in Aotearoa New Zealand. It reviews the international literature on governance and proposes a framework for categorising the relevant New Zealand scholarship. The characteristics of that literature are assessed, and the article concludes with a critical appraisal of the possibilities and potential pitfalls for research on governance in Aotearoa New Zealand.