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    Using latent profile analysis to understand caregiver response to their rainbow children in Aotearoa New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University, Distance, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2025) Westerbaan, Andrina Anne
    Parent and primary caregiver acceptance, rejection or a combination of acceptance and rejection of a child with a rainbow/LGBTQIA+ identity is influential in either reducing or contributing to poor health and well-being outcomes experienced by young rainbow people. Considering the persistent health and well-being disparities experienced by rainbow people and the influence of parent and caregiver response on their rainbow children, there is a need to better understand this nuanced group of parents and caregivers. This cross-sectional study replicated the work of Clark et al. (2022) who proposed that parents with rainbow children could be classified into three groups based on response to their rainbow child. It is unclear if the same classifications apply to Aotearoa New Zealand’s unique cultural context. Online survey responses from parents and caregivers (N = 140) living in Aotearoa New Zealand, with at least one rainbow identifying child under 30 years of age, was collected to clarify whether the same three classes exist. Descriptive statistics were run using SPSS. Latent profile analysis was run using tidyLPA and mclust in R Studio to identify parent and caregiver response classes, of which two were found: positive (n = 120, 85.71%) and mixed (n = 20, 14.29%). An examination of the differences between response class, demographics, time since and age at initial rainbow identity disclosure, caregiver attachment style, parenting style, religiosity and ethnic group acceptance were conducted using SPSS. Significant differences were detected between response classes based on participant gender identity, ethnicity, relationship to their rainbow child, parenting style, and religiosity. Results indicate that there is a distinct group of parents and caregivers in Aotearoa New Zealand who may benefit from additional support in addressing conflicting responses towards their rainbow child so that they can become a safer and more encouraging support for their rainbow child.
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    Performance of the StaphGold ELISA test in determining subclinical Staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cows using a Gaussian mixture model
    (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2022-07-20) Yang DA; Laven RA
    BACKGROUND: A novel ELISA test has been developed to detect antigen-specific IgG in early and late lactation cows in New Zealand. OBJECTIVES: This study was to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the ELISA based on the detection of S. aureus-specific IgG as a screening test. METHODS: The ELISA was used for the composite milk samples taken during routine herd testing in 2018-2019 milking season in New Zealand. In the absence of a gold standard test, the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity was estimated using a Gaussian mixture model. RESULTS: The ELISA test had a high accuracy (AUC = 0.98) to detect antigen-specific IgG in early and late lactation cows with high somatic cell count due to either subsequent to or contemporaneous with the S. aureus invasion. Using an S/P ratio = 0.3 as the cut-off value, the ELISA test has sensitivity of 0.9 and specificity of 0.95, while the sensitivity increased to 0.94 at a cost of a decreased specificity of 0.9 at a lower cut-off value 0.26. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of the ELISA test as a screening tool into specific control programs may be useful to reduce the spread of S. aureus infections, to aid with treatment decisions, and to establish a correct milking order.