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    Breaking the silence : restorative justice and child sexual abuse : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Policy at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2001) Jülich, Shirley Jean
    This research investigated the relationship between justice and child sexual abuse from the perspective of adult survivors. Utilising participant observation, unstructured interviews and focus groups within a feminist framework, 21 adult survivors of child sexual abuse (18 women and 3 men) were consulted to identify issues that were problematic for them. In addition, 2 jurors, 1 judge and 2 counsellors were interviewed. The findings indicated that child sexual abuse has been shrouded by a conspiracy of silence, caused partly by deeply entrenched structures within society. These forces combined with the complexity of recovery, including the possible impacts of Stockholm Syndrome, and the perceived inability of the criminal justice system to meet their needs, have appeared to silence many survivors of child sexual abuse. A review of the economic consequences and an analysis of the subsequent costs of child sexual abuse have indicated the need to implement programmes that would lessen the burden for victims, offenders, their families and the broader society. Survivors cautiously suggested that restorative justice might be sufficiently flexible to encourage victims of child sexual abuse to criminally report, thereby breaking the silence. A cost benefit analysis of a restorative justice programme indicated that significant savings could be made and highlighted that the prevention of child sexual abuse should be a priority. The findings of this research would have implications for policy makers and all those who provide services to victims and offenders of child sexual abuse. Stockholm Syndrome has highlighted the complexity of the recovery process for victims of child sexual abuse. This syndrome combined with the concerns of adult survivors of child sexual abuse would have implications for practitioners within the traditional criminal justice system and the restorative justice movement. Finally, the costs of child sexual abuse in New Zealand would have implications for justice agencies, health agencies, social welfare organisations and the Accident Compensation Corporation of New Zealand.
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    The impact of emergent development philosophies on formal British intervention in New Zealand between 1840 and 1842 : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2001) Moon, Evan Paul
    Between 1840 and 1842, the British Government commenced and then began to consolidate its formal colonial rule of New Zealand. Through the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) and the subsequent installation of the country's first Governor, New Zealand was directed predominantly by the British Government and evolved into a state which had growing political, social, and economic links with Britain. The primary objective of this thesis is to examine the way in which certain nineteenth century British ideas on development either influenced or were reflected in the nature of official British involvement in New Zealand between 1840 and 1842, and on British policy on New Zealand in the preceding decades. New Zealand was the last of the 'white' colonies to be established by the British Crown. Its period of annexation coincided with profound developments taking place in England in connection with ideas about the progress and improvement of nations, and of intentional rather than immanent development. New Zealand's early years of Crown Colony Government represent the convergence of all these factors within a very short space of time. The conclusion reached in this thesis is that formal British involvement in New Zealand - in the immediate period after the treaty of cession was signed - reflected the impact of contemporary ideas about development, and that there existed among some officials in New Zealand a distinct intent to develop the colony along the lines of these ideas. It is also apparent, however, that these philosophies were in some cases compromised because of shifting circumstances and insufficient resources to carry them through. Hence, in this period, the development of Maori and European in the colony failed to match the ideals of progress and development specifically prescribed by contemporary social philosophers, policy makers, and sometimes even the Crown's representatives in the colony.
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    Are we doing good? : Catholic Social Teaching and the ethics of public policy outcomes in New Zealand : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy, Massey University, Albany
    (Massey University, 2010) Radford, Brenda Margaret
    From the perspective that avoidable social and environmental injustices exist in New Zealand, this research examines the ethics of public policy. It suggests that our society would be more justly sustainable if the ethics of policy outcomes were to supersede political expediency as the dominant influence in government’s decision-making. An Appreciative Inquiry with expert interviewees is applied to the two-part proposition that: (a) a greater focus on ethics and social morality is required for effective policy-making; and (b) the application of the principles of Catholic Social Teaching would enhance the ethical coherence of government policy, programme and service development. The research has found that the public policy system in New Zealand enables its workers to ‘do well,’ but often prevents them from ‘doing good,’ in policy domains such as housing and employment. Erroneous assumptions by policy actors that their work is morally neutral limit their appreciation of the effects that government decisions have on society and the natural environment. The research suggests that government should insist on ethical analysis of policy proposals and impacts as a pre-requisite for its decisions. Since Catholic Social Teaching is congruent with our accepted standards of social morality, it could helpfully be applied to policy design and implementation in this country. The best way to position CST as a moral signpost for policy-making would be to apply it to specific policies and services. This project has been oriented from the outset towards applicability in the public policy environment. Accordingly, the research includes three new policy-making frameworks which combine the principles of Catholic Social Teaching with the methodology of Appreciative Inquiry. Use of these analytical frameworks would enable all policy actors to assess the ethics of recommendations and decisions in terms of their impacts on people and the earth.
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    The quest for efficiency : role of human resource management in public sector reforms in Uganda : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2002) Bacwayo, Kukunda Elizabeth
    The context of this thesis is the development strategy of public sector reforms and privatisation. It uses Uganda as a case study, and argues for the need to integrate the issue of human resource management in the privatisation discourse in developing countries. Public sector reforms arose out of neo-liberal thinking that argues against state intervention and recommends market led economic growth. Privatisation is part of the attempt to scale back on the role of the state in economic development and has been integrated in the development policies of developing countries through the structural adjustment programs of the IMF and World Bank. It is required because of the belief that the private sector is more efficient in allocation and use of resources and is therefore the best medium for attaining development goals. Private sector companies in the developed countries which utilise modern techniques of management are comparatively more efficient than their public counterparts. Globalisation and market competition forced organisations to search for ways to be competitive and this partly led to organisations elevating human resource management issues to a strategic level because of the belief that a company's workers add value that make firms competitive. When privatisation is made a requirement by the multilateral aid agencies for developing countries it is based on the assumption that the conditions that make public enterprises inefficient do not exist in the private sector. No empirical evidence is available to confirm or refute these assumptions, particularly in the case of Africa's developing nations. This thesis has contributed to this area by examining the human resource management practices of seven Ugandan organisations, three public, two private and two privatised. The aim was to find out whether there are differences in the way in which private and public organisations manage their employees and if their practices are those associated with effective management of human resources. The practices that were examined were recruitment and selection of staff, training, compensation and employee attitudes. The results from this study did not provide evidence that the differences that were exhibited in the seven organisations were related to ownership. Rather they seem to be determined by the values and culture of managers and the labour market conditions in Uganda. Both private and public enterprises exhibited practices that human resource management literature and practice consider as obstacles to efficiency
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    Could UAVs improve New Zealand's maritime security? : Master of Philosophy thesis, Massey University Centre for Defence Studies
    (Massey University, 2009) Oliver, Brian
    In 2001 the Maritime Patrol Review (MPR) was published by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet to determine the maritime patrol requirements of interested civilian government departments; such as Ministry of Fisheries, Customs, Foreign Affairs, Maritime Safety Authority, Police, Department of Conservation and others. The Review was driven by the planned $600m sensor system upgrade to the RNZAF's P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft, which the new Labour Government saw no real justification for. The Review highlighted the poor state of maritime domain awareness in New Zealand in general, and of maritime aerial surveillance in particular. The threats to maritime security are many and include illegal fishing, drug smuggling, illegal immigration, terrorist activity, energy security, and transnational crime generally. The review concluded that a 10 times increase in aerial maritime surveillance was needed to meet the minimum requirements of the various government departments. Eight years have now passed since The Review and it is timely to revisit the state of maritime domain awareness in New Zealand to assess what, if any, progress has been made. This thesis has found that there has been no increase in aerial maritime surveillance during the intervening period and that the NZDF is either unwilling or unable to fulfil government defence policy in respect to protection of New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone. Research indicates that the aerial maritime surveillance requirements of civilian government departments may have increased and that considerable gaps continue to exist in maritime domain awareness and thus maritime security. This thesis contends that UAVs provide a credible option to manned aircraft and bring a number of unique advantages. The need to increase maritime surveillance exists now, and with a potentially less stable global strategic situation together with a potential increase in off-shore energy activity, the need to plan for increased aerial maritime surveillance is compelling.
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    The role of intelligent machines on the future battlefield, circa 2030 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Defence and Strategic Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2009) Morton, Ben Robert
    The application of Intelligent Machine (IM) technology to the battlefield in future has the potential to revolutionise warfare. Converging trends and incentives are propelling this technology towards military applications at an ever increasing rate. This thesis examines the state of IM employment on the battlefield at the year 2030. The methodology employed in undertaking this thesis is the Extrapolation method. It has been utilised to extrapolate a range of technological, social, geo-strategic and military trends, in order to determine the state of affairs regarding intelligent machines at the subject year 2030. Chapter One examines what proportion of modern military ground forces will consist of IMs at the subject year. It assesses factors both driving and obstructing the development and employment of IM technology, and compares these against environmental developments with respect to time. Chapter Two addresses the likely roles in which IMs will be employed on the battlefield. These include present day military functions, as well as possible new roles enabled by specific characteristics of IMs. The chapter also assesses the potential forms that these IMs may take. Chapter Three focuses on the level of autonomy to be granted to battlefield IMs. It analyses the risks and benefits of autonomous control, and also the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative of teleoperation. The level of autonomy will be a defining factor of the IM presence on the battlefield. Chapter Four investigates the potential organisational architectures that may be employed in organising, commanding and controlling IMs. Specifically, centralised, decentralised, and swarm organisation are examined. The advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as necessary enablers are considered in turn. The conclusion provides an aggregated picture of the IM battlefield presence at the year 2030. It surmises the predicted proportion, roles, the level of autonomy, and organisational architecture of IM technology on the battlefield at the subject year of 2030.
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    Unravelling the Taiwan question : a discussion on the historical background, theoretical issues, policy approaches, the present and the future : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (Defence and Strategic Studies) at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2008) Huang, Dai-zhi
    The Taiwan question is a multi fold story with complexity and outsiders of China may not grasp a full picture of the question. Taiwan is a part of China and the idea is taken for granted for Chinese, but not debate-free in the world. This thesis aims to resolve some misunderstandings in the debate. The thesis is composed of four chapters. The first chapter will discuss Chinese people’s altitude on national unity and delineates the historical background of the Taiwan question with a focus on its bond with the Chinese Mainland. Some theoretical issues, relevant to the Taiwan question, such as sovereignty, self-determination right and so on, will be discussed in the second chapter. Chapter three will brief policy approaches across the Taiwan Strait. The updated situation and the Taiwan question’s possible future will be presented in the fourth chapter.
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    What factors may influence defence future relations between New Zealand and the European Union? : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Defence Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2008) Cain, Peter
    New Zealand and the European Union (EU) have a long standing and broad spectrum relationship which appears likely to continue to strengthen. However, there is little academic literature regarding the existing defence aspects of this relationship and even less on the possible future form of the relationship. Consequently, this thesis aims to identify the factors that may influence defence future relations between New Zealand and the EU. In order to determine these key factors the thesis examines the following key areas: - Background to the relationship between New Zealand and the EU. - The overall relationship between New Zealand and the EU - present status and future influences. - Present status of defence links between New Zealand and the EU. - Key elements of the 2007 Joint Declaration on Relations and Co-operation that may influence future defence relations between New Zealand and the EU. - Key interests of the EU that may influence it’s future defence relations with New Zealand. - Key interests of New Zealand that may influence it’s future defence relations with the EU.
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    A view from Chechnya : an assessment of Russian counterinsurgency during the two Chechen wars and future implications : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Defence and Strategic Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2010) Renaud, Sean
    Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the myriad of smaller engagements taking place around the world in conjunction with the global war on terrorism, military academia has increasingly focused study on historical counter-insurgencies. The study of historical counter-insurgency has been very beneficial to the conduct of contemporary counter-insurgency operations. Although lessons can be learned from historical study, any conclusions tend to be subjective and are time, space and country specific. Notwithstanding this, historical case studies of counter-insurgency operations reveal a number of consistent themes. These themes include: the recommended approaches towards the conduct of information, security, hearts and minds, and reconstruction operations, the use of allied indigenous forces, the importance of unity of effort between the various counter-insurgent forces, the correct use of air power, the manipulation of the media, the proper training of counter-insurgent forces, logistics operations, and the importance of morale during counter-insurgencies. In the last two decades Russia has fought two counter-insurgency conflicts in Chechnya. The First Chechen War (1994-1996) was conducted by an underprepared, poorly coordinated Russian military. The First Chechen War was a disaster for the Russians because they simply had no road map for their ultimate objective of returning Chechnya to the Russian Federation. As a result, the Russians were severely mauled by the committed Chechen ‘warrior patriots’ and were forced to withdraw in 1996. Following this war, the Russian military began examining lessons from the first war and other counter-insurgencies with an eye to re-invading Chechnya. When that invasion commenced in 1999, the Russian forces were better prepared and more successful. They saturated the tiny republic with enormous firepower and manpower which made it difficult for the Chechen insurgents to manoeuvre. Although the war lingers on today, the Russians had control over the majority of the country within a year. Despite this victory, the Russian campaign was flawed; and its conduct has major implications for the future of Russian counter-insurgency operations. While heavy quantities of firepower and manpower were able to put down the insurgency in Chechnya, it is questionable whether Russian firepower and manpower would be successful in putting down an insurgency in a larger country with a larger population.
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    Women and local governance in Indonesia : a case study of engendering local governance in North Sumatra : a thesis presented in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New zealand
    (Massey University, 2004) Siahaan, Asima Yanty Sylvania
    The main purpose of this thesis is to explore the complexities involved in engendering local governance and to identify strategies to encourage gender equitable partnerships between stakeholders in local governance in Third World countries. Local governance refers to the dynamic yet complicated process of interaction between state and non-state actors involved in local level development processes. Considering the invisibility of women in local governance, this study focuses heavily on women's agency, that is, the way women redefine and reconstruct identities and interactions in engendering local governance despite the given constraints. The central argument in this thesis is that engendering local governance requires transformation of structures and processes of governing at the local level so that they recognise and are responsive to differences between men and women in their values and responsibilities. Relevant institutions should then integrate these differences in policies and in managing development at the local level. Fieldwork in North Sumatra, Indonesia highlighted how the interlocking of public and private patriarchy complicates the engendering of local governance. Both within and beyond the household there are constraints put on women that impede their participation in local governance. Analysis of case studies of perwiridan (Moslem women's religious grouping), SPI (Serikat Perempuan Independen/ Union of Independent Women) and women working in local government found that relationships at the household level significantly influence gender relations in local governance. Reproduction of images of 'good' and 'bad' women is one of the most effective instruments to subordinate and control women in North Sumatra, meaning that it is not easy for women to formulate and defend their personal interests. Women often experience severe threats of physical, psychological and verbal violence when they attempt to influence formal decision making at the local level. Based on a further case study of the implementation of decentralisation, this study also found that decentralisation does not automatically bring local government closer to women due to the interweaving of structural, cultural, and financial barriers local government faces in implementing gender mainstreaming policies in North Sumatra. The intertwining of gendered structures of local government and gendered construction of the community contribute to the marginality of women in service delivery and in public decision making at the local level. This study rejects the assumption that women are passive recipients in local governance since they contribute significantly in fulfilling household and community needs and interests. Through knowledge and understanding to construction of power at the local level, women creatively produce and use alternative strategies which are based on their sexuality and traditional gender roles in challenging and transforming gender inequity at the local level and in improving the quality of everyday life. By raising women's self esteem, confidence and solidarity in reconstructing gendered relations at the household and community levels, women's grassroots organisations open up alternative arenas for political expression for women which is crucial for the realisation of good local governance.