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Subject: search.filters.subject.Antiparasitic agents

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    Development of a novel equine combination anthelmintic and a study of anthelmintic susceptibility using a larval development assay : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Veterinary Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2000) Islam, Zahidul
    The occurrence of anthelmintic resistance to benzimidazoles and avermectin in cyathostome nematodes in New Zealand horses was investigated using a larval development assay (LDA) to conduct a small survey. For the benzimidazoles the analogue, thiabendazole was used and for avermectin the analogues, ivermectin and ivermectin aglycone were used in the LDA. The normal range of LD50 values was estimated by assaying eggs from Kaimanawa feral horses (n = 22) for each analogue used. From these the mean LD50 values + 2xstandard deviation was taken as the upper limit of normal. The survey involved domestic horses (n = 47) from several locations around New Zealand. For ivermectin and ivermectin aglycone 12% had LD50 values higher than normal with resistance factors up to 5.3 and 6.8 respectively. This represents horses from three separate farms. For the benzimidazoles 43% of domestic horses had higher than normal LD50 values with resistance factors up to 4.8. These results suggest that some nematodes in these domestic horses had an increased tolerance to avermectins and as well as to benzimidazoles. Two studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of a combination of abamectin (0.2mg/kg), oxibendazole (10mg/kg) and bithionol (5mg/kg or 7mg.kg). In the first study bithionol was included at 5mg/kg and in the second study it was included at 7mg/kg. These studies showed the efficacy of the combination was >98% against adult luminal stages of S. vulgaris, S. edentatus, cyathostomes, migratory stages of S. edentatus and third instar stages of Gasterophilus intestinalis. Efficacy against mucosal stages of cyathostomes (about 64%) and arterial stages of S. vulgaris (71%) was poor. Inclusion of bithionol at 7mg/kg achieved an efficacy of 100% against A. perfoliata whereas at 5mg/kg the efficacy was only 84.6%. In these studies the following species were identified: two species of Strongylus (S. vulgaris and S. edentatus); three species of Triodontophorus (T. serratus, T. minor and T. tenuicollis); and twelve species of cyathostomes (Cyathostomum coronatum, Cyathostomum labiatum, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicocyclus leptostomus, Cylicocyclus radiatus, Cylicocyclus insigne, Cylicostephanus poculatus, Cylicostephanus minutus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Cylicostephanus goldi).
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    Anti-parasitic activity of bovine milk : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Nutritional Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2000) Zeng, Shu'er
    Previous studies have shown that milk-fed ruminants were less susceptible to gastro-intestinal parasites compared with young animals that were given solid feed in the diet. The present studies were carried out to gain a better understanding of how milk feeding reduces worm establishment in newborn lambs. Two approaches have been taken: an in vivo study in which lambs were infected from three weeks of age with third-stage larval Ostertagia circumcincta and an in vitro examination of direct effects of bovine milk and some of its crude fractions on the motility of O. circumcincta larvae. The in vivo experiment was designed to compare parasite establishment in lambs either fed entirely on milk from birth, weaned on to solid feed by three weeks of age, or provided with solid feed from two weeks of age and given a milk feed once a day. To examine whether lack of rumen development was a crucial factor, each diet group consisted of lambs given normal ensheathed third-stage larvae and an equal number of lambs given exshcathed larvae. A total of 24 lambs were included in the study, in six groups each of four lambs. All lambs were infected by tube (into the oesophagus) twice a week with either 1000 exsheathed or ensheathed third-stage O. circumcincta larvae. Infection began after the week taken to establish the lambs on their new diet, so that starting on week lour of life, the lambs were trickle infected for six weeks. There were highly significantly lower worm burdens at necropsy in the two milk-fed groups of lambs than in both the other groups, but no difference between the burdens in those completely fed solid food and in lambs receiving a 600 ml milk feed once a day along with solids. Irrespective of the diet, female worms made up half the total number of worms in each lamb, with males and immature stages equally making up the other half. Faecal egg counts in the Milk groups were also very low, three of the eight lambs never providing a faecal sample in which eggs were found. Also consistent with the lower worm burdens were the thinner abomasal mucosa and lower abomasal pH, although these may also have been affected by the diet. Nodules were visible in the abomasa of all lambs in all groups. All groups had increased serum gastrin and pepsinogen levels, with considerable variation between animals within all groups. An important observation was that there was no significant difference between lambs receiving exsheathed or ensheathed larvae for any parameter measured. The immaturity of the reticulo-rumen and omasum does not appear to prevent ensheathed larvae from exsheathing and establishing in the abomasum of lambs with an underdeveloped rumen. The similar worm burdens in the milk-fed lambs given ensheathed and exsheathed larvae therefore does not support the conclusions from an earlier study in calves that lack of rumen function was the reason for lower worm burdens in non-ruminating calves. Instead, it would appear that the milk itself is reducing parasite establishment. In vitro exposure to fresh bovine milk, commercial bovine milk with either 3.3% or 0.2% fat, the milk powder fed to the lambs, whey protein, casein or ultra low heat skim milk powder all reduced the motility of exsheathed third-stage O. circumcincta larvae. The effect on motility was concentration and time dependent for all milks. The active component appears to be associated with proteins and not with the lipid fraction and may be nonspecific, as both whey and casein were effective. Different components may be responsible for inhibition of larvae by whey and casein proteins. The activity of whey protein increased as the pH increased; the whey was most active at pH 4.5 and above, when it would be in the anion form. In contrast, there was no difference in activity at pH 5.5 and 6.5 for casein. The effect of time of incubation also differed for whey and casein. A possible explanation for the in vitro and in vivo effects of milk are the attachment of the proteins to the larvae. The lack of effect when milk and solid feed are ingested together may result from the protein attaching to the food particles in preference to the larvae or, alternatively, the milk may have left the abomasum before the larvae were administered. This suggests that practical applications for milk proteins as anti-parasite agents may be limited in ruminants consuming solid feed.