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    A study of competitive relationships between selected grasses during the establishment phase : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1983) Sangakkara, Upatissa Ravindranath
    Competition has been identified as a major phenomenon affecting the growth of pasture species in mixtures. Thus a study comprising of field, glasshouse and climate laboratory experiments was conducted to identify the occurrence and the nature of competitive relationships during establishment and early growth of three common grass species used in the pastoral industry of New Zealand. Simple models of competitive situations were created by the use of the de Wit replacement series principle, in order to carry out these studies. The results of all experiments demonstrated that the selected species, namely perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) "Grasslands Nui"; prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl) "Grasslands Matua" and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) "Grasslands Apanui" compete for the same environmental resources. The competitive abilities of the three species were in the order of prairie grass > ryegrass > cocksfoot. The superior performance of the more competitive species when compared with its monoculture was associated with a corresponding proportional decrease in the performance of the weaker species in a mixture. These relationships were observed within 3-4 weeks after planting and did not alter under the adopted experimental conditions. In addition, the field experiment illustrated that these relationships were persistant in the second year, under an infrequent cutting regime, although seasonal growth patterns of the three species were identified. Initial and subsequent plant size had a deterministic effect on the respective competitive abilities of the selected grasses. This was assisted by their growth patterns and earlier germination of the more competitive species. Seed characters also showed a positive relationship with the plant size and competitive abilities of the selected grasses. Yields of the mixtures lay between those of the respective monocultures in all experiments, irrespective of seasonal growth patterns of the species. Simulated spring and autumn temperatures within the climate laboratories did not change the pattern of yield or the competitive abilities and relationships of these three species. Evaluation of the effects of competition on the growth of individual plants of these species when grown in mixtures revealed that both tiller appearance rate and to a greater extent the rate of leaf appearance on the main stem in all species were affected by competition during early growth. These effects were associated with the dry matter accumulation patterns of the selected species in mixtures. Root competition began earlier and had a greater impact on the overall competitive relationships between the selected species than shoot competition. This was attributed to the earlier and greater intermingling of the root systems than shoot systems. Evaluation of the root growth of species both as single plants and in mixtures supported this conclusion. However, the mechanisms of root competition were not elucidated. In order to identify the pasture establishment practices of farmers and thereby relate the results of these studies to the practical situation, a survey was carried out among farmers in central New Zealand. The results highlighted that farmers use seed mixtures containing 2-4 grasses to establish their pastures. The grasses selected for this study were shown to be those most commonly used by farmers. The results of the experiments of this study are discussed in relation to the pastoral industry of New Zealand.
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    Aspects of water deficit and vegetative growth in selected pasture and forage grasses : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1979) Chu, Alexander Cheong Ping
    In this study, the sensitivity of leaf extension to plant water status, the ability of the plant to recover after different periods of water deficit and the plant's reaction to atmospheric pre-conditioning were examined using different pasture and forage grasses. The sensitivity of leaf extension to plant water status was studied in 3 separate experiments using sudax (SX-6, a forage sorghum hybrid, Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench x S. Sudanese (piper) Staff), prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl. cv. Grasslands Matua) and 2 cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. c.v. Grasslands Nui and Grasslands Ruanui). The sudax experiment was conducted in the field, whereas the prairie grass and ryegrass experiments were conducted in the Climate Laboratory, D.S.I.R. The day/night temperatures used in the prairie grass experiment was 22.5°/l2.5°C. For the ryegrass, 2 contrasting temperature regimes were used; these were high (H), 27.5°/12.5°C, and low (L) 17.5°/12.5°C day/night temperatures. It was found that leaf extension was very sensitive to small changes in leaf water potential during the initial stages of desiccation, but the response became less sensitive with increasing levels of desiccation. However, the relationship between leaf water potential and leaf extension rate was not unique. It varied according to the environmental conditions. The true relationship between leaf water potential and leaf extension rate can only be established when the leaf water potential at the site of measurement can be related unequivocally to the leaf water potential at the site of elongation. The rates of recovery in leaf extension, leaf emergence, tiller number, green leaf number, leaf area and dry weight per plant were followed after different water deficit treatments in one experiment with prairie grass and in another experiment with 2 cultivars of perennial ryegrass under 2 contrasting temperature regimes. The environmental conditions for these experiments were the same as those used in the leaf extension experiments. In prairie grass, upon relief of water deficit, the previously desiccated plants showed an "accelerated" rate of leaf extension up to 20% higher than those of the well-watered control plants of the same physiological age. The "accelerated" rate lasted for over 28 days after rewatering during which time 4 to 5 new leaves emerged. However no such "accelerated" rates were observed in the ryegrasses. The "accelerated" response following rewatering in prairie grass would be consistent with a differential sensitivity of cell division and cell elongation to water deficit. The desiccation treatment was more severe in the ryegrass experiment where both cell division and cell elongation could be suppressed, and this could account for the absence of a similar response in the ryegrasses. Under well-watered conditions, the mean leaf emergence rate was 4.1 days per leaf for the prairie grass. The corresponding mean leaf emergence rates for Nui and Ruanui were 5.7 and 6.3 days/leaf under the H and 6.6 and 6.6 days/leaf under the L temperature regimes respectively. Within the grass species, post-desiccation leaf emergence rates between the previously desiccated and the well-watered plants were similar. During desiccation, tiller number was the least sensitive parameter to water deficit, followed by dry weight and leaf number. Leaf area was the parameter most sensitive to desiccation. Amongst the dry weight components, lamina, component was the most sensitive followed by the root component with the sheath component the least sensitive to desiccation. The pattern of recovery from desiccation was examined to see if positive or negative carryover effects occurred. To enable valid comparison of desiccated and control plants physiological age was adjusted by removing a number of "drought" days from the chronological age. It was found that when the desiccation was mild e.g., in the prairie grass experiment, reductions in plant dry weights were proportional to the number of "drought" days. On the other hand, under a more severe level of desiccation, e.g., as in the ryegrass experiments, using the same method of adjustment, it was found that the dry weights of the previously desiccated plants were substantially lower than those of the well-watered control plants of the same physiological age. The reduction in dry weight was more pronounced under the H than under the L temperature regime. After rewatering, in both prairie grass and ryegrass, the relative rates of increase of leaf area were higher in the previously desiccated plants than the well-watered control plants. In contrast to this, the relative rates of increase in dry weight, tiller number and leaf number in the previously desiccated plants were either similar to, or slightly less than those of the well-watered control plants. Although the pattern of recovery in the leaf extension rates was different between the two experiments, this had no apparent positive or negative carryover effects on the relative rates of recovery in the growth parameters measured (e.g., tiller number, green leaf number, leaf area and dry weight per plant). The reaction of prairie grass to desiccation following either a "dry" or a "wet" atmospheric pre-conditioning was compared with those plants that were grown continuously under either the "dry" or the "wet" vapour pressure environments. Plants with a previously "dry" history were able to grow longer into the desiccation period than those with the "wet" history as well as those under the continuous "wet" or "dry" conditions. This apparent "adaptation" was due to a more efficient rate of water use per unit leaf area by the "hardened" plants. But the mechanism that enabled these plants to use water more efficiently was not known. Nui had been reported to outyield Ruanui under the summer and autumn conditions in New Zealand. Because of the importance of perennial ryegrass to New Zealand, a comparison of these 2 cultivars was also made in this study. Between the two cultivars of ryegrass, Nui had a higher leaf extension rate (+20%) under the H temperature regime, it also had a heavier mean tiller dry weight (+28%), a larger mean area per leaf (+24%), but a lower tiller number (-24%) and a lower green leaf number (-18%) per plant than Ruanui. All the other paramters measured, including total leaf area and total dry weight per plant, top to root ratio, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, stomatal resistance and transpiration rates were similar between the two ryegrass cultivars. Some of the possible reasons for the lack of difference on a per plant basis are discussed. The possibility of using leaf extension rate to predict plant dry weight changes in water deficit studies is also discussed.