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    Molecular survey of canine parvovirus type 2: the emergence of subtype 2c in New Zealand
    (Taylor and Francis Group on behalf of the New Zealand Veterinary Association, 2025-02-10) Dunowska M; Bain H; Bond S
    AIMS: To determine the genetic makeup of carnivore parvoviruses currently circulating in New Zealand; to investigate their evolutionary patterns; and to compare these viruses with those detected during the previous New Zealand-based survey (2009-2010). METHODS: Faecal samples from dogs (n = 40) with a clinical diagnosis of parvovirus enteritis were voluntarily submitted by veterinarians from throughout New Zealand. In addition, one sample was collected from a cat with comparable clinical presentation. The samples were used for DNA extraction and PCR amplification of viral protein 2 (VP2) of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). All samples produced amplicons of the expected sizes, which were then sequenced. The viruses were subtyped based on the presence of specific amino acids at defined locations. In addition, VP2 sequences were analysed using phylogeny and molecular network analysis. RESULTS: The majority (30/40; 75%) of CPV-2-infected dogs were younger than 6 months and 8/40 (20%) were aged between 9 months and 1 year. Most (39/41; 95%) parvoviruses were subtyped as CPV-2c, and one as the original CPV-2. The faecal sample from a cat was positive for feline panleukopenia virus. The majority (37/39; 95%) of New Zealand CPV-2c viruses were monophyletic. The remaining two New Zealand CPV-2c viruses clustered with Chinese and Sri Lankan CPV-2c viruses, separately from the main New Zealand clade. CONCLUSIONS: There has been an apparent replacement of the CPV-2a viruses with CPV-2c viruses in New Zealand between 2011 and 2019. The source of the current CPV-2c viruses remains undetermined. The monophyletic nature of the majority of viruses detected most likely reflects a country-wide spread of the most successful genotype. However, an occasional introduction of CPV-2 from overseas cannot be excluded. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Current vaccines appear to be protective against disease caused by the CPV-2c viruses currently circulating in New Zealand. Vaccination and protection from environmental sources of CPV-2 until the development of vaccine-induced immunity remains the cornerstone of protection in young dogs against parvovirus enteritis. Ongoing monitoring of the genetic changes in CPV-2 is important, as it would allow early detection of variants that may be more likely to escape vaccine-induced immunity.
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    Genomic Variability of Canine Parvoviruses from a Selected Population of Dogs and Cats in Sri Lanka
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-08-29) Jinadasa R; Ghosh S; Hills S; Premalal T; Atapattu U; Fuward M; Kalupahana W; Dunowska M; Gunn-Moore D; Aguiar DMD
    The aim of the study was to identify canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) subtypes circulating among a selected population of domestic dogs and cats in Sri Lanka and to investigate the evolutionary patterns among Sri Lankan viruses in the context of contemporary global CPV-2 sequences. Altogether, 40/61 (65.6%) samples tested were positive for CPV-2 DNA, including 31/48 (64.6%) dogs and 9/13 (69%) cats. All three subtypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c) were detected, with CPV-2a being most common. International median joining haplotype network of 291 CPV-2 sequences suggested that there was little barrier for CPV-2 moving between different geographical regions worldwide, including Sri Lanka, and that there was no correlation between the genetic structure within the molecular network and the decade of sample collection. By contrast, there was correlation between CPV-2 subtype and genetic structure, both within the international network and within the network built from 31 Sri Lankan CPV-2 sequences only. The structure within the latter was not correlated with the location of the veterinary clinic where the samples were submitted, the age or species of the host. Altogether, we have shown that there is considerable variability of CPV-2 genotypes circulating in Sri Lanka, which is likely driven by both local evolution and introduction from other countries. The similarity of CPV-2 obtained from cats and dogs suggests that cats may play a role in the epidemiology of CPV-2 in Sri Lanka.