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Item Surviving cassava: smallholder farmer strategies for coping with market volatility in Cambodia(Taylor and Francis Group, 2023-03-15) Beban A; Gironde CCassava has become a ‘must have’ crop for many Cambodian smallholders; yet, the market is volatile and yields are uneven. Drawing on long-term fieldwork in Kampong Thom and Ratanakiri provinces, we analyse how farmers cope with volatility. We argue that multiple pathways have emerged: some farmers have ceased producing cassava; some have expanded production; while most farmers engage in ‘ambivalent repeasantisation’, striving to gain autonomy from market fluctuations through the survival work of everyday gendered labour, including investing family and community labour into cassava, shifting back to food crops, managing debt, and creating relationships with traders, while also imagining a life beyond cassava. Uneven fortunes with cassava contribute to land redistribution, deepening class, gender and ethnic divides. The case of smallholder cassava pathways in Cambodia shows us that agrarian transition is neither linear nor unidimensional, and dynamics of ‘depeasantisation’, ‘repeasantisation’, and ‘intensification’ through crop booms cannot be assumed a priori.Item Metabolism and translocation of linamarin in cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry at Massey University, New Zealand(Massey University, 1977) Bediako, Badu Michael KofiThe metabolism of linamarin in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has been investigated. Information on the biosynthetic pathway, synthetic sites, translocation and turnover of the cyanoglucoside has been obtained by precursor administrations to various parts of cassava plants grown under partially controlled conditions in the glasshouse. Three volatile 14C-labelled precursors of linamarin isobutyronitrile, isobutyraldoxime and 2-hydroxyisobutyronitrile were prepared, purified and administered to cassava leaves by a new technique in which the leaves were allowed to take up precursor vapour in an enclosed glass chamber. The incorporation of these precursors, and of L-valine administered by solution uptake, was consistent with a pattern of linamarin biosynthesis in cassava involving the reaction sequence through valine, isobutyraldoxime, isobutyronitrile and 2-hydroxyisobutyronitrile established for other plants. The solution administration of L-[U- 14C] valine to various organs of the plant indicated that the leaves and the shoot apex synthesised linamarin more efficiently than the woody stem and the roots and tubers. More detailed investigations of leaf biosynthesis showed much higher incorporation of 14C-valine into linamarin by the petioles and midribs (45-62% 14C incorporation by petioles and 20% by midribs) than the leaf blades (2%). There was no direct relationship between endogenous linamarin content (which was higher in the blades than the petioles) and the apparent ability to synthesise linamarin from exogenous valine. However, the low ability of the blade tissue to incorporate valine into linamarin could be due to more active competing pathways removing the exogenously administered valine. In further investigations with tuber peels and the edible cores, similar competing pathways have been implicated for an apparently low biosynthetic efficiency of linamarin. The translocation of linamarin was demonstrated by specifically labelling 14C-linamarin in attached leaves with 2-hydroxy[1-14C] isobutyronitrile vapour and following the change in labelled linamarin content in the leaf and the distribution of linamarin to other parts of the plant. In both non-tuberous and tuberous plants there was a rapid loss of 14C-linamarin due to translocation from the fully expanded leaves up to 69 hours after synthesis. However a residual component of the 14C-linamarin (25-37% of that initially synthesised) remained in the leaves. A compartmentation of synthesised linamarin in cassava leaf tissues into a readily mobile and partially immobile fraction would account for these observations. In senescing leaves a continuous loss of both 14C-labelled and endogenous linamarin occurred leaving almost no residual component although this was attributed to both translocation and turnover. Translocated linamarin was distributed to all parts of the plant but the general pattern of translocate flow differed between non-tuberous and tuberous plants. An apical direction of linamarin distribution existed in the non-tuberous plants while tuber-directed linamarin translocation prevailed in the tuberous plants. Leaf senescence apparently enhances linamarin translocation to the tubers. There was little turnover of freshly synthesised 14C-linamarin in detached leaves and tuber tissues over a period of 1 to 3 days. However the low recoveries of 14C-linamarin in the whole plant translocation experiments suggest that active turnover may be occurring during translocation or in certain sink tissues.