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Subject: search.filters.subject.Dogs -- Diseases

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    An evaluation of the effectiveness of castellated laryngofissure and bilateral arytenoid lateralisation for the relief of laryngeal paralysis in dogs : a thesis presented for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1989) Burbidge, Hilary
    In recent years, laryngeal paralysis in dogs, has become a frequently recognised disorder. Various surgical procedures have been advocated to relieve the consequential laryngeal obstruction, but few critical examinations of the effectiveness of these procedures have been attempted. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of two of the more commonly used surgical methods (i) castellated laryngofissure with vocal fold resection and (ii) bilateral arytenoid lateralisation in providing an adequate laryngeal airway in dogs after surgically Induced laryngeal paralysis. The laryngeal function of ten adult healthy experimental dogs was assessed by clinical examination, laryngoscopy, blood gas and tidal breathing flow-volume loop analyses prior to and after bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve resection. Five dogs then underwent a castellated laryngofissure with vocal fold resection and the remaining five, bilateral arytenoid lateralisation. Six weeks later, the laryngeal function of the ten dogs was reassessed using the same investigative techniques. Radiographs of the chest were taken at the start and completion of the experiment on the live dogs to help detect the presence of any co-existent lower respiratory tract disease. An autopsy was performed on each dog. six weeks after surgery, and details of visible changes in the laryngeal structure recorded. After neurectomy, all of the dogs had inspiratory stridor, a hoarse bark and reduced exercise tolerance. Medial displacement of the arytenoid cartilages and vocal cords caused narrowing of the rima glottidis. No abduction of these structures occurred during inspiration. There was a significant fall in arterial oxygen tension and inspiratory airflow recorded on blood gas analyses and tidal breathing flow-volume loop studies, respectively. The degree of relief from the laryngeal obstruction in the neurectomised dogs after castellated laryngofissure with vocal fold resection was variable. Some of the animals still had signs of respiratory embarrassment. The size of the rima glolhdis achieved was either slightly narrower or similar to that seen in the non-abducted. pre-neurectomised larynx of the experimental dogs. No significant improvement in blood gas or tidal breathing flow-volume loop analyses were recorded following the surgical technique. In contrast, bilateral arytenoid lateralisation consistently alleviated the clinical signs of bilateral recurrent laryngeal neurectomy. The rima glottidis width was increased to either the non-abducted, pre-neurectomised size or greater, depending on the position of the lateralisation suture. Furthermore, blood gas and tidal breathing flow-volume analyses recorded a significant increase in arterial oxygen tension and inspiratory airflow, respectively. Although bilaterial arytenoid lateralisation was more efficient than castellated laryngofissure with vocal fold resection in alleviating the laryngeal obstruction caused by bilateral recurrent laryngeal neurectomy, it did have some inadequacies. The fixed abduction of the arytenoid cartilages destroyed the expiratory braking mechanism of the larynx. Furthermore, execution of the surgical technique requires intimate knowledge of the anatomy of the larynx and the surrounding structures and, since the position of the lateralisation suture is imporlant,best results are likely to bo achieved by surgeons experienced with the procedure.
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    An investigation into the effectiveness of collagenase for the percutaneous discolysis of thoracolumbar intervertebral discs in the dog : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1993) Bray, Jonathan Peter
    This investigation compared the effectiveness of chemonucleolysis with 500 units of collagenase, to lateral fenestration of the thoracolumbar intervertebral discs of the non-chondrodystrophoid dog. Effectiveness was based on the amount of nuclear material removed from the disc and the associated modifications to intervertebral disc structure, as determined by histological examination. The object was to determine whether the percutaneous injection of collagenase enzyme could be an alternative to fenestration as a prophylaxis against herniation of a degenerate intervertebral disc. Eight one year old, non-chondrodystrophoid mongrel dogs were used in the experiment. Apart from two dogs which remained untreated, the remaining six dogs were from two litters which had been sired by the same animal. Two of these dogs had six intervertebral discs (T10/11 to L2/3) injected with 500 units of collagnease VIIs delivered percutaneously. Another two dogs had their equivalent discs surgically fenestrated by the lateral approach as described by Flo and Brinker. The remaining two dogs were subjected to a placebo injection of physiological saline. The animals were examined clinically, neurologically and radiologically before treatment and at regular intervals following treatment. Six months following treatment, the dogs were euthanased. The results showed that collagenase caused almost complete removal of normal nuclear material from within the disc. The centre of the disc was replaced by a variable combination of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage, which appeared to develop from the collapsed inner lamellae of the annulus fibrosus. Complications were recorded in only one dog, who suffered a transient hind limb paralysis in the two days immediately following injection. A massive dorsal extrusion of nuclear material was observed in one disc at post-mortem in this dog and was believed to be the cause of the paralysis. The dog recovered without treatment and remained normal on clinical, neurological and radiological examination six months after injection. The annulus fibrosus, dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments remained intact in all other dogs. Fenestration was found to cause a variable disruption to the normal architecture of the nucleus pulposus. In most discs, cellular aggregations from the normal nucleus pulposus were undergoing a transformation to fibrocartilage. These cell groups were separated by an increased amount of amorphous matrix material which stained moderately with alcian blue. In the remaining discs (3/12), an increased fibrosus of the nucleus pulposus was seen, but no other disruption to the normal architecture was recorded. No complications occurred in these dogs. The injection of the discs with physiological saline caused remarkably similar histological effects to the disc as did fenestration. The investigators concluded that collagenase appeared to be an attractive alternative to fenestration for the prophylaxis of intervertebral disc herniation, on the basis of its completeness of removal of nuclear tissue, and its simplicity, cheapness, non-invasiveness and the lack of medium and short term complications. Since intervertebral disc protrusions occur more commonly in chondrodystrophoid breeds of dog, the effect of collagenase should be studied in degenerate disc of these breeds before it can be recommended for clinical use.