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    Effects of duration of water stress at different growth stages on growth and yield of soybeans (Glycine max (L) Merrill) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agriculture in Plant Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1982) Laohasiriwong, Suwit
    Four soybean cultivars (viz. Evans, Geiso, Maple Arrow and S.J.4) were subjected to water stress at three different reproductive growth stages: i)entire reproductive growth stages (R1 to R7) ii) early reproductive growth stages (R1 to R4) and iii) late reproductive growth (R4 to R7). The experiment was conducted in the climate laboratory at the Plant Physiology Division D.S.I.R. Palmerston North, New Zealand, with 31°/23°c (day/night temperature) 70/90% RH (day/night relative humidity) and 14 hours photoperiod. The growth and development of the soybeans were markedly affected by water stress. Leaf area, final plant length, number of nodes and total plant dry weight from the stress treatments were reduced. Seed yield per plant from the three stress treatments were only 10.7, 49.6, and 24.1% relative to that of control treatment. The response of soybean yield depended on both the timing and the duration of stress in relation to growth stages whilst some other plant characters such as plant length and the number of nodes responded more to the timing rather than the duration of stress. Cultivars with the determinate growth type (viz. Evans and Maple Arrow) were apparently more sensitive to stress at the early phase of reproductive growth (R1 to R4) whilst the indeterminate growth type (viz. Geiso and S.J.4) were more sensitive to water stress at the later phase of reproductive growth (R4 to R7). The number of pods per plant was the most important yield component in determining yield although in Evans and the early stress treatment the average seed weight was the most important component. The rank of cultivars, from low to high sensitivity to water stress is Maple Arrow, Evans, Geiso and S.J.4. S.J.4 also reacted differently from the other three cultivars in many aspects. The drought tolerance test estimated through a measurment of electrolyte leakage from the cells was used and discussed. Two methods of genotype x environment interaction analysis (regression analysis and discriminant analysis) were used. The discriminant analysis had some advantages in the study of GE interaction e.g. it could be done with several characters at once and compared with the regression method it could be used with a much lesser number of cultivars and environments. Key words: Soybeans, water stress, growth stages, yield and yield components, drought tolerance test, GE interaction, discriminant analysis, principal component analysis.
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    The effects of summer moisture stress and its interaction with spring cutting managements on the production and persistence of a ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) sward : a thesis ... for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Plant Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1983) Barker, David John
    The effect of an increasing water deficit during summer, achieved by means of an automatic Rain-Out Shelter, on the production and persistence of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. "Grasslands Nui") was compared to that under irrigation. In addition, the effect and interaction with water deficit, of 2 different cutting intensities (i.e. heights of 2.5 and 7.5 cms) during spring were also investigated. The responses of perennial ryegrass to an imposed drought, compared to those under irrigation, were related to measurements of soil and plant water status; where the soil and plant water status were measured by soil water deficit and leaf water potential respectively. It was found that the growth of the components of pasture production (particularly tiller and leaf dynamics) was reduced when the soil water deficit exceeded a critical point of 104-111 mm, which could be predicted for the Tokomaru silt loam soil type, according to the soil water balance of Scotter, Clothier and Turner (1979). At this point the soil water potential was approximately equal to -0.1 MPa and had not reached the permanent wilting point (-1.5 MPa). This critical point was characterised by a sharp 0.6 MPa decrease in dawn leaf water potential which contrasted with a more gradual decline in mid-afternoon leaf water potential. Such a change in leaf water potential (particularly at dawn) was found to be a very sensitive indicator showing that this change in water status had occurred. At deficits exceeding the critical point reductions in pasture yield were attributable to a reduction in the rate of tiller appearance, an increase in the rate of tiller death, and a reduction in the rate of leaf production (i.e. extension and appearance). Furthermore it was found that spring managements to increase tiller density will result in a greater tiller density at the end of drought, but will not give an advantage in dry matter yield during the drought. Any benefit which might result from a management system to prepare a sward for drought is unlikely to be in summer production but may be in the potential for faster recovery after drought.
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    Mediterranean and temperate tall fescues : physiological and morphological responses to water deficit, and the effect of nitrogen on winter and early-spring field performance under grazing : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Plant Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1998) Assuero, Silvia Graciela
    A major goal for grazing systems is to increase winter herbage growth. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) has been widely recognised as one of the most important cool season forage species. Among tall fescue populations, those of Mediterranean origin (e.g. F. arundinacea var. letourneuxiana from North Africa) have shown higher growth rates in winter and early-spring than comparable germplasm from northen Europe. For this reason, the complementary use of Mediterranean and temperate tall fescue populations to improve continuity of seasonal forage supply has been suggested for the Pampa region, Argentina. It is known, however, that the low winter N availability of the region limits herbage growth and that water deficits are likely to occur. It has been found that endophyte-infected tall fescue plants tolerate drought better than endophyte-free ones and currently novel endophyte strains harmless to livestock are commercially available. This study therefore sought to compare the responses of Mediterranean and temperate tall fescue cultivars to water deficit, to investigate the extent to which water deficit responses are modified by the presence or absence of endophyte, and to compare winter-early spring growth and animal production of two contrasting cultivars with and without N fertilisation in the Pampa region. Three glasshouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the response of contrasting tall fescue cultivars to water deficit. In the first experiment two temperate cultivars. Grasslands Advance (GA) and El Palenque (EP), and a Mediterranean cultivar, Maris Kasba (MK), were studied. Water deficit was induced by complete cessation of watering and sequential harvests were made to follow the adjustment of the respective cultivars. Morphological measurements also included the distribution of mass and length of root with depth. In the second experiment, only MK and EP were studied. Plants of both cultivars were grown in the same pots and received water daily with gradation in intensity of water deficit achieved by varying the daily water ration per pot. Reducing and fructosyl sugar concentrations were analysed to examine cultivar differences and to investigate whether these sugars were involved in osmotic adjustment. The third experiment compared MK and EP cultivars under water deficit, but in addition the effects of two endophytes. Kentucky 31 wild type (KY31) and a commercial strain supplied by AgResearch (AR501), were studied. Herbage growth and animal production in winter-early spring of MK and EP swards in response to N fertilisation were compared in a grazing experiment carried out in the SE of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The N treatments were zero and 100 kg N ha-1 applied in equal split dressings in mid autumn and early winter. The paddocks were grazed by a variable number of growing steers in order to maintain a similar leaf area index (LAI) in all treatments. The results of the water deficit experiments indicated that in comparison with the temperate cultivars EP and GA, the Mediterranean cultivar MK was characterised by a smaller plant size, higher tiller number, high root: shoot ratio, a lower stomatal resistance, lower content of reducing and fructosyl sugars and a lower growth rate under high temperatures. All tall fescue cultivars exhibited decreased growth rates, diminished evaporative surface area, and increased root: shoot ratio and osmotic adjustment in response to water deficit. A similar water status was observed for the different cultivars under comparable soil water availability. There was evidence that MK was able to delay onset of water deficit through its morphological characteristics. By contrast, stomatal resistance of temperate cultivars was more responsive to soil moisture changes and these cultivars had a greater tendency for osmotic adjustment than MK under the most stressful water deficit conditions studied. For the particular cultivars and endophytes strains studied here, the experimental evidence suggests that MK-KY31 and EP-AR501 combinations would be expected to perform better under water deficit than other combinations. Maris Kasba swards had a higher stocking rate during mid winter-early spring, and consequently, the beef production was 26% higher than in EP swards. With N fertilisation the response was markedly increased and beef production was increased by 66% during the same period. However, by late August no differences in tissue turnover were found between cultivars, while in September EP showed a higher net growth rate (NGR) than MK. For both periods N application increased the NGR of the swards. Further studies would be necessary to evaluate the recovery capacity after drought of the cultivars evaluated and the ability for osmotic adjustment in the meristematic tissues as well as their behaviour under field conditions. Because the particular performance characteristics of each endophyte strain-grass genotype combination vary, it is recommended that any endophyte strain be evaluated in combination with the plant genotypes with which it is to be associated. The complementary use of temperate and Mediterranean cultivars in animal production systems of the SE of Buenos Aires Province improved feed supply during winter. In addition, winter herbage growth and animal production of both cultivar types can be considerably improved with N fertilisation.