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    Communicating work culture adaptation techniques of Filipino migrants in New Zealand : Kampanteng Kiwinoys : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication and Journalism at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2025-08-26) Separa, Lenis Aislinn
    Filipinos are the third-largest Asian ethnic group and the second-fastest-growing population of migrants in New Zealand (Asia New Zealand Foundation, 2020; Statistics New Zealand, 2024a). With the continuous influx of migrant workers from the Philippines for the last 19 years, New Zealand has been home to several migrants working in the health, construction, dairy, and information technology industries. Through the lens of cultural fusion theory, this study provides insights into the cultural adaptation of Kiwinoys in the workplace. Specifically, this study: (1) describes the cultural adaptation experiences of people in New Zealand; (2) identifies to what extent Filipino migrants choose acculturation over cultural maintenance; and (3) determines the extent receptivity and conformity pressure from the dominant culture in New Zealand affect intercultural transformation among Filipino migrants. The first article reveals that the cultural adaptation of immigrants in New Zealand can be traced along the acculturation, cultural adaptation, and cultural fusion of Berry (1970, 2003, 2005, 2006), Aycan and Berry (1996), and Sam and Berry (2010) on acculturation, Kim (2001, 2017) on cross-cultural cultural adaptation, Kraidy (2005) on cultural hybridity, and Croucher and Kramer (2016) on cultural fusion theory. The results of the second article reveal that ecological adaptability, language use, media language, and community engagement positively relate to acculturation. The results of the third article suggest that both host receptivity and host conformity pressure are positively related to intercultural transformation. The results of this study enrich existing theories on cultural adaptation and intercultural communication and provide deeper and wider perspectives on how Filipinos thrive as an ethnocultural group in New Zealand.
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    Unpacking ethnology within contemporary paradigms (the practice of packaging, transfer, and delivery) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Creative Arts at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2023) Henare-Findlay, Fraser
    This thesis examines multi-layered notions of Māori identity and descriptions of Māori contextualised against a personal artistic response to being Māori. The art of packaging, transfer, and delivery is presented as an artistic embodiment of Māori identity, illustrating how popular beliefs shape not only the construction of identity but also influence cultural institutions and affiliations. Examples of Māori identity are discussed throughout the study to illustrate how artists and established practices embracing Māori concepts advance Māori identity. The packaged artworks explore the theme of identity by weaving together narratives and concepts that draw attention to the displaced and disconnected perspective of what it means to be Māori. They also shed light on the subjugation and stereotyping of Māori culture and identity. This sense of displacement is intricately linked to the process of postage, delivery, and receipt. Ethnology, which is essentially the comparative study of ethnicity to understand the characteristics of different peoples (races) and the differences and relationships between them, is featured in the thesis title and in the packaged artwork that constitutes the practical component of the thesis. However, it is not extensively discussed within the thesis itself. This is not due to its lack of importance as a field of study but rather because the packaged artworks primarily feature various characters who have been either created for the screen or have developed personas within the music industry. Most of these characters are 'constructed' identities, meaning they have been shaped to adopt the attitudes of the screenwriter. These diverse characters have played a significant role in shaping my own identity and have contributed to who I am today. In this study, a comprehensive examination of Māori identity, art, and the prevalent impacts of stereotyping and discrimination will be conducted through a diverse range of methodological approaches. These multifaceted methods will not only inform the creative and theoretical dimensions of the artwork but also highlight the relationship between Māori identity and the researcher. Key methodologies, such as Kaupapa Māori research and Autoethnography, will be applied, with a particular focus on incorporating personal experiences and reflections into the research process, inspiring and clarifying the intended significance of the artwork.
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    Measuring Māori identity and health : the cultural cohort approach : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Health at Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2023) Stevenson, Brendan
    Current statistical methods of disaggregating populations by ethnic or cultural identity wrongly assume cultural invariance within an ethnic population over time and place. Calculating risk factors between ethno-cultural populations also wrongly assumes homogeneity of risk, obscuring what may be distinct sub-populations with very different demographics, risk profiles, and health outcomes. The Cultural Cohort Approach (CCA) proposes a novel method for understanding within-ethnic population difference, whereby cultural identity is framed as the enduring membership of multiple related cultural cohorts, rather than the contextual and unstable measure of ethnic group affiliation currently used. It predicts that multiple cultural cohorts exist inside an ethno-cultural population, that these cultural cohorts are resilient and culturally distinct, exist over generations, and can divide at pre-existing social or economic stratifications in response to powerful external forces. The cultural cohort approach unites history, extant identity theories and research to identify and describe these within-ethnic cultural cohorts. The measurement of a Māori cultural cohort joins existing Māori identity research, historical documents, and personal accounts to enumerate distinct Māori cultural cohorts, describe relationships between cultural cohorts, and exclude unrelated cultural cohorts. Across three distinct components of this thesis the Cultural Cohort Approach (CCA) is first described and a worked example of its use in identifying Māori cultural cohorts given. Second, these hypothesised cultural cohorts were mapped to a cross-sectional data collection wave of Māori participants (n=3287, born between 1941 and 1955) from Massey University’s longitudinal Health, Work and Retirement (HWR) study in a test of the CCA’s predictive accuracy using latent class analysis. Third, longitudinal HWR study data for Māori participants (n=1252, born between 1941 and 1955) was used in a second worked example to test the stability of the predicted cultural cohorts using latent transition analyses and further refine the CCA. The Māori cultural cohorts identified using the CCA had clear narratives, shared cultural characteristics, and identifiable cultural differences that persisted across time as predicted. The CCA will allow researchers to better represent the diverse lived realities of ethno-cultural populations and support more nuanced analytical insights into how health and well-being is patterned between distinct cultural cohorts.
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    Prominent New Zealand flags and changing notions of identity : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2021) Mulholland, Malcolm
    Prominent flags have played an important role in signalling and generating collective identities in New Zealand’s history, but to date there has been little scholarly research in this field. This thesis investigates factors that have shaped attitudes towards prominent flags in New Zealand, and to what extent have they changed over time. It does so with reference to their role in promoting national identity in general, as well as investigating the role of flags in Māori communities. As such, there is also a particular focus on the role of flags acting as symbols of unity and dissent. The thesis argues that flags were adopted early by Māori and have continued to reflect a spectrum of Māori identities; that transnational influences are present regarding prominent flags in New Zealand, especially the influence of Australia; that the New Zealand Flag and Union Jack reflect a dual identity and a period of New Zealand identity coined as ‘recolonization’; that the New Zealand Flag is an example of an ‘invented tradition’ that was particularly prominent in arguing against changing the New Zealand Flag during the 2015/2016 flag referenda; and finally, it argues that New Zealand could be identified as a ‘teenager’ of ‘Mother Britain’, given the increasing number of citizens who are comfortable replacing the current New Zealand Flag.
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    Te pūtahitanga o ngā tai e rua : The meeting of two tides : journeys of mixed heritage Māori/Pākehā towards identity strength : thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements of a Master of Philosophy (Māori Studies) at Massey University, Wellington Campus, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2004) Collins, Hēni
    This thesis aims to provide new insights and understandings about the challenges, vulnerabilities and strengths associated with being of mixed Maori-and-Pakeha heritage in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is based on the life narratives of 11 men and women of dual Maori/Pakeha heritage. It looks at change over time, particularly the process of seeking and developing cultural and ethnic identity strength as Maori. It acknowledges on-going stresses and tensions; coping strategies; and describes two cases in which coping strategies were over­whelmed and breakdown occurred. It considers whether a dual Maori/Pakeha ethnicity can be maintained and stabilised over time in the light of inequities and racism in society. Most participants in this thesis are high achievers in terms of education, career success and acculturation and socialisation as Maori. These factors perhaps facilitate the level of self­ validation required to tolerate the stress of maintaining a dual identity position for some. Identity strength as Maori has been achieved for some by periods of occasional or intensive immersion in Maori social and cultural contexts. For some, their Maori identity became so predominant that their Pakeha/European identity was no longer of much significance in their lives, though they continued to accept and acknowledge it. Some were definite in their expression of dual Maori/Pakeha ethnicity and the need for more awareness and visibility. Ethnicity is changeable and affected by social and political factors. Most participants lived and worked in urban contexts, and had a range of cultural and social affiliations, including Maori. The Maori cultural and political renaissance has involved defining Maori in terms of difference from Pakeha/Europeans, but this thesis explores the overlap - genetic, cultural, and social - between the two ethnic groups and provides new insights into diversity within the Maori ethnic group.
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    An examination of cultural inclusion and Māori culture in New Zealand rugby : the impact on well-being : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health (Sport & Exercise) at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) Hapeta, Jeremy William
    This thesis presents four separate, yet related, studies. The purpose, as the title indicates, was to interrogate the inclusion of ‘culture’ (specifically in terms of ethnicity) within New Zealand Rugby environments and settings. Related to this primary objective, I also wanted to understand the impact of Māori knowledge practices on the well-being of players, coaches, other participants and communities. Each of the four studies aims to address these broad research objectives. A Kaupapa Māori approach guided the philosophical, theoretical and methodological perspectives utilised in each of the interrelated studies. Study 1 is a culturally progressive, Kaupapa Māori, review that synthesises the extant literature from 2008 to 2017of ethnicity and inclusion in sport globally, and Māori and rugby in New Zealand. The results showed that the main Māori symbol used in rugby was the haka. Thus, Study 2 examines whether the haka ‘Ka Mate’ is a commodity to trade or a taonga to treasure by analysing marketing campaigns related to sporting events. The pukengā (experts) interviewed would prefer it be treated as a taonga (treasure), not a commodity to maintain the well-being of this taonga and the communities who treasure it. The third study interrogates cultural identity and leadership practices from a Māori perspective by examining how indigenous storytelling impacted on well-being in a NZ provincial rugby team. The case study results demonstrated that a Māori motto (whakataukī), motif (maunga), mascots and a ‘maunga of success’ model were all used by the team (players and coaches/support staff) to enhance their individual and collective well-being, both on and off the field. The fourth study presents two other case studies that explore sport for social change inititiatives involving Māori and Pasifika rangatahi (youth) and rugby in New Zealand. Results showed that rugby and cultural identity can be used effectively as a waka (vehicle) to promote social and cultural change for youth. The concluding chapter discusses the outcomes of the overall research objectives where the studies’ limitations and strengths are also presented. Finally, implications for future research directions and recommendations are made.
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    Wie is ek? : a study of Afrikaner identity in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Anthropology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) Finlayson, Kris
    Afrikaners have had a tumultuous history since the Dutch arrived in what is now known as Cape Town. Using Barth’s (1969) concept of ethnic boundary construction and maintenance, this research examines the state of Afrikaans identity in a New Zealand diasporic context. The research employs a novel approach to interview data collection, using a modified version of Wengraf’s (2017) biographic narrative interview method in conjunction with a dual-participant interview method. This approach allows a multiplicity of subjective viewpoints, exploring Afrikaner perceptions, their experiences, how they see themselves fitting into their Afrikaans community and how this community fits into New Zealand society. The findings from this study show that Afrikaners refer to a representation akin to a Barthian model of Afrikaner. Through interviews, participants implied this presentation which was then constructed into an analytic model for the study. The model they indicated consists of four key characteristics: heritage, faith as a cultural value, language and a conservative worldview. Participants referred to themselves against this model in order to ascertain how ‘typical’ they are regarding shared community behaviour and perspectives. The study then discusses this Afrikaner identity in a New Zealand socio-cultural context. It discovers that even though New Zealand and Afrikaner-South African societies are vastly different, New Zealand’s socially liberal worldview allows an easy transition for today’s comparatively diverse Afrikaners. This transitional process and ethnic boundary modification was found to impact Afrikaner identity in varying ways, particularly related to areas of personal security, new relationship formation and hospitality, manner of speech, and how they perceived what members of New Zealand society think about Afrikaners.
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    Hapine nga harakeke : drawing the moisture held within the harakeke : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education (Adult Ed.), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2006) Puketapu-Dahm, Ngatau Aroha
    The journey through life is one many people never assess until it flashes before their eyes. On the other hand many people dedicate their lives to assessing their journey in life and seldom accomplish anything of real substance. Self-assessment of a personal journey can assist one with future decision-making and reconciling consequences of decisions made. This is my journey of that process. I identify with the Maori population in Aotearoa. It is the assessment of the things I cannot change which interest me: the assessment of an individual journey and the detailing of cultural norms and values: the comparison of a parallel process of those cultural norms found within the bible and the reconciliation of my ethos as a christian, Maori, woman. This is not a traditional piece of work as I do not classify myself as the traditional university student. I am a second chance learner, an adult student who studied on an extramural programme which was facilitated on a local marae. The traditional upbringing which I have experienced has taught me to think holistically in every facet of life. Working in the tertiary education sector I have had to continually translate for myself the traditional Maori holistic worldview into the western individual, scientific, compartmentalized perspective. After this point translation back again into the Maori worldview needs to take place. This process occurs first in the mind and then needs to be written on paper. This process is quite difficult and takes some time to work through. However this is a key factor in choosing to attempt a piece of work that is perhaps not quite in keeping with general expectations. [FROM INTRODUCTION]
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    Ko tu koe, ko rongo koe? : the influence of affective and identity priming on implicit cultural attitudes of Māori teens : submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology
    (Massey University, 2006) Heta, Hēmi Rangi Puna
    The current study examined the effects of an affective prime that was negative culturally in context (Māori) on Māori teenagers 16-18 yrs (n=60), to assess whether it would activate Worldview Defence (WVD). The study primed participants with one of four scenarios (negative-Māori, positive-Māori, negative non-Māori, and positive non-Māori in theme) with the belief that a threat to one's cultural Worldview (via the prime) would increase negative feelings towards potentially threatening or unpleasant material. To assess in an indirect or implicit manner, whether this was the case, participants were asked to provide opinions on two (fictitious) potential immigrants to Aotearoa (New Zealand), where one had written an essay supporting the Treaty of Waitangi, and the other opposing it. It was hypothesised that primes (prior emotional material) that increased cultural WVD would result in a greater discrepancy between the judgments (attitudes) towards the pro-Treaty author, and away from anti-Treaty author, specifically if the context was both negative and Māori. A moderate effect was found for the hypothesis, however, a significant influence was found for the positive Māori prime, suggesting that being primed with positive aspects of one's culture can increase WVD. The findings and possible reasons for this are discussed.
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    Wha : an exhibition of Māori stereotypes in contemporary New Zealand : an exhibition report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Māori Visual Arts, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2016) Findlay, Fraser
    The purpose of this project was to explore the idea of Māori stereotypes within society through a creative practice based approach. Packaged artworks were displayed in an exhibition space challenging conventional exhibition expectations. The packaging of artworks, was applied as a metaphor for how Māori are boxed into stereotypes that define Māori as a product, object or thing. The study investigated how packaging and labellingartwork allows discourse around how epistemologies seek to define indigenous cultures within socio-­ethnological contemporary frameworks. This research involved seeking examples of Māori stereotypes in media and the arts and exploring how they affect self-­perception. Research was also conducted around the work of contemporary Māori artist models who explored the theme of identity. The methodological framework aligns itself with theories around stereotypes and how these affect opinions about identity. This exegesis seeks to contribute to discourse around culture, indigenous values, and contemporary interpretations of Māori language and cultural property rights. This exegesis explores the questions;; How can ideas around stereotyping and the construction of identity inform my art practice? How does the packaging of culture, people/s and belongings affect Māori self-­determination? How can packaged and labelled artworks create a context where bicultural partnership may be considered?