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    The Road to the Beijing Winter Olympics and Beyond: Opinions and Perspectives on Physiology and Innovation in Winter Sport
    (Springer Nature, 2021-11) Wang J; Guan H; Hostrup M; Rowlands DS; González-Alonso J; Jensen J
    Beijing will host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and China strengthens research on various aspects to allow their athletes to compete successfully in winter sport. Simultaneously, Government-directed initiatives aim to increase public participation in recreational winter sport. These parallel developments allow research to advance knowledge and understanding of the physiological determinants of performance and health related to winter sport. Winter sport athletes often conduct a substantial amount of training with high volumes of low-to-moderate exercise intensity and lower volumes of high-intensity work. Moreover, much of the training occur at low ambient temperatures and winter sport athletes have high risk of developing asthma or asthma-related conditions, such as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The high training volumes require optimal nutrition with increased energy and dietary protein requirement to stimulate muscle protein synthesis response in the post-exercise period. Whether higher protein intake is required in the cold should be investigated. Cross-country skiing is performed mostly in Northern hemisphere with a strong cultural heritage and sporting tradition. It is expected that innovative initiatives on recruitment and training during the next few years will target to enhance performance of Chinese athletes in classical endurance-based winter sport. The innovation potential coupled with resourcing and population may be substantial with the potential for China to become a significant winter sport nation. This paper discusses the physiological aspects of endurance training and performance in winter sport highlighting areas where innovation may advance in athletic performance in cold environments. In addition, to ensure sustainable development of snow sport, a quality ski patrol and rescue system is recommended for the safety of increasing mass participation.
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    Monitoring acute fatigue in soccer players : School of Sport and Exercise, College of Health, Massey University
    (Massey University, 2016) Wivell, Aidan
    Monitoring fatigue is a key consideration when managing the workloads of elite soccer players. A number of potential fatigue markers have been proposed, however, little work has been done in order to assess the correlation between such measures and actual performance.Therefore, the objectives of this study were:(1) to examine the correlation between a range of simple fatigue tests and physical performance; and (2) to develop a model by which readiness to perform could be predicted. In order to do this 14 amateur soccer players completed a range of fatigue tests (countermovement jump, resting heart rate variability, functional soreness, and subjective wellness) and a performance test (3x 30 m repeated sprint test) before and after (24, 48, and 72 hours post) undertaking a soccer simulation protocol (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test; LIST). Following the LIST repeated sprint performance and countermovement jump height, and heart rate variability were reduced, perceived soreness increased, and subjective wellness declined. Of the fatigue measures used, only countermovement jump height was found to be correlated with repeated sprint performance. Three models for predicting performance were developed which differed in their degree of individuality. Individual models were found to have a greater strength than the general model. For practitioners, more work is required to develop individual models, however, predictions made from individual models are likely to be more accurate. Future studies are needed to refine these models in order that they might be used in practice to make decisions about readiness to train and perform.
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    The effect of the recovery duration between warm-up and competition on physiological and psychological markers in well-trained football players : submitted by Terry O'Donnell to Massey University as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Exercise and Sport Science
    (Massey University, 2013) O'Donnell, Terry
    Purpose: Football players at the elite level are required to cease warming up 20 minutes prior to matches commencing (Blatter & Linsi, 2003). Since a duration of 15-20 minutes may cause muscles cooling, this time period could be problematic for athletic performance (Bishop, 2003a). Therefore the aim of this research study was to investigate the effect of varied recovery durations post warm up on physiological, perceptual and performance measures of football players during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST). Methods: Thirteen male football players completed five assessment sessions; a graded exercise test (GXT) to maximal functional capacity, a baseline assessment for athletic performance (sprint, agility and vertical jump), and three experimental trials. After completing a standard active warm up, the experimental trials required participants to passively recover for either 5, 10 or 20 minutes before performing assessments of sprinting, vertical jump and agility. Thereafter, participants completed a 90 minute intermittent shuttle protocol (LIST). Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa), the feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FAS) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected at regular intervals throughout the LIST. All subjects completed the test on 3 separate occasions under each recovery condition. Results: Sprint performance following a 5 minute recovery was significantly slower than the baseline performance assessment (2.52 ± 0.12s cf. 2.43 ± .09s P < 0.016). Although both sprint and agility performance showed a trend towards being negatively affected by a 20 minute recovery duration (P = 0.032 and 0.031 respectively), participants vertical jump typically improved following only 10 minute recovery duration. Participants were less aroused and experienced lower levels of pleasure (FAS and FS) throughout testing following the 20 minute recovery duration (1.50 ± 0.97 cf. 2.80 ± 1.14, and .50 ± 1.88 cf. 3.17 ± 1.33, P < .05). When investigating the physiological and perceptual response during the LIST, the recovery duration did not significantly influence participants’ HR, BLa, RPE or performance response. Conclusion: This study would suggest that a recovery period of 10 minutes post warm up may improve FAS, FS and VJ during exercise. However, ambiguous findings observed for BLa failed to provide physiological data to support these findings. The small sample size is the primary reason for these equivocal results. Future research should consider the effect of a larger sample size, inclusion of sport-specific skills and mechanisms for maintaining temperature during this interim period.
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    Effects of exercise-induced dehydration on cognitive ability, muscular endurance and surfing performance : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Sport and Exercise Science, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2008) Carrasco, Alexander Jason
    The aim of this study was to measure the degree of dehydration experienced during surf practice and examine the effect this might have on surfing performance, cognitive function and muscular endurance of elite surfers. Twelve male national and international level surfers volunteered to take part in the study. Their mean (± SD) age, body mass, height and surfing experience were 27.0 ± 3.3 years, 73.2 ± 7.1 kg, 1.7 ± 0.05 m and 21.0 ± 3.1 years, respectively. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two trials: no fluid ingestion (NF) or fluid ingestion (FI) during 100 min of surf practice in a steamer wetsuit. The experiment was designed to emulate not only the physical and cognitive demands of surfing but also the ambient environment in which it takes place. Before and immediately after surf practice, the participants had their hydration status measured, completed a cognitive test battery and upper and lower-body muscular endurance tests. Surfing performance was assessed during the first and last 20 min of practice. At the conclusion of the NF trial, participants showed a 3.9 ± 0.7% body mass (BM) loss, this was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the 1.6 ± 0.7% BM loss seen at the end of the FI trial. In the NF trial, surfing performance decreased by 20.3 ± 7.1%, but showed a slight improvement in the FI trial (1.9 ± 10.2%). Of the six cognitive domains assessed (short-term memory, information processing speed, working memory, attention, visuomotor skill and visual acuity) all were significantly impaired when at a 3.9 ± 0.7% BM loss (P < 0.05) yet were unaffected at a 1.6 ± 0.7% BM loss. Information processing speed and working memory were the most strongly correlated to surfing performance (r = 0.74; P < 0.05). At the conclusion of the NF trial upper and lower-body muscular endurance were diminished by 21.2 ± 5.5% and 4.4 ± 5.8%, respectively. At the conclusion of the FI trial upper-body muscular endurance was reduced by 17.0 ± 4.1% while lower-body muscular endurance was marginally better (1 ± 3%). There was a significant difference in muscular endurance capacity between trials yet no significant correlation was observed between muscular endurance and surfing performance. The findings of this study suggest that surf practice for 100 min in a steamer wetsuit results in BM loss severe enough to significantly impair surfing performance, cognitive function and muscular endurance. Yet, when water is consumed during surf practice, surfing performance, cognitive function and lower body (but not upper-body) muscular endurance is maintained. Keywords: fluid ingestion, surf training, steamer wetsuit, hypohydration.