Massey Documents by Type
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/294
Browse
3 results
Search Results
Item The brachycephalic Hereford dwarf : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science at Massey University(Massey University, 1979) Jones, Janice MargueriteThe present study was undertaken to define the type or types of dwarfism occurring in the Hereford breed of cattle in New Zealand as a basis to further work on the biochemical anomalies involved. The mating of 13 cows that had previously given birth to dwarf calves with a bull that had allegedly sired dwarf calves resulted in both dwarf and phenotypically normal calves in proportions compatible with an autosomal recessive type of inheritance. Dwarf foetuses produced from dwarf with dwarf matings were similar to a foetus of carrier with carrier mating. This observation helped confirm that the mode of inheritance was autosomal recessive. Selected morphological measurements of 45 dwarfs of various ages, and five dwarf foetuses were compared with those of phenotypically normal cattle from North America. It was concluded that the measurements were compatible with those expected from a single mutant and that the type of dwarf found in New Zealand was similar to the most common form of brachycephalic dwarf described in the Hereford breed in North America. This was in accord with expectations inasmuch as available evidence indicates that dwarfism was imported into New Zealand via four bulls who were from dwarf carrying familes. Histological examination of bone growth plates of 29 dwarf animals of various ages up to maturity and from five dwarf animals of various ages up to maturity and from five dwarf foetuses showed that columns of proliferating cells tended to be shorter and more irregular than those of normal animals and that there was a reduced number of hypertrophied cells. Electron microscopy showed normal appearing matrix and chondrocytes, except for more apparent dilations of endoplasmic reticulum in the latter. The histology of other tissues was normal. Urinary mucopolysaccharides of three dwarf animals and three matched controls were similar. This and the essentially normal histology led to the conclusion that this form of dwarfism was not mucopolysaccharidosis.Item A study of the growth and carcass characteristics of rangy and short type steers of the Angus, Beef Shorthorn and Hereford breeds : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science at Massey University(Massey University, 1979) Andrewes, Wayne George KempThe growth rate and carcass characteristics of rangy and short conformation types of steers in Angus, Hereford and Beef Shorthorn breeds were compared in two trials (Trials X and XI) at Massey University. Rangy and short type weaner steers were chosen on the basis of visual assessment of conformation by experienced stockmen. The Angus steers in Trial X came from the one herd as did the Hereford steers in Trial XI. The two types of Angus (Trial XI) and Beef Shorthorn (Trial X) steers were bred in four different herds. Types within a breed were chosen by the same people, but different persons selected the representative steers in each breed. The steers were grazed together at pasture (except for a short period on a wintering yard in their second year of life) and weighed "full" at various intervals. They were slaughtered at an age of about 30 months. They were processed according to normal commercial practice and various aspects of carcass yield, composition and data on carcass weight, grade, fat colour, and chiller shrinkage were collected, various carcass measurements were taken and the weights of fat and bone were recorded for the right side quarters of each carcass. Fifteen steers were purchased of each type. Trial X concluded in March 1976 (after a period of 625 days) with 13 rangy and 14 short Angus steers, and 14 rangy and 15 short Beef Shorthorn steers. There were no animal losses in Trial XI (633 days) which finished in April 1977 (with 15 steers in each type group) in which the two types in the Angus and Hereford breeds were compared. The results were analysed within trials by the fitting constants procedure using fixed-effects linear models. Type effects were compared within each breed group. One model included the right side of the cold carcass as a covariate for some aspects of the carcass data analysed within a breed. Rangy type steers in each breed had heavier initial and final liveweights and carcass weights than short type steers. Rangy steers grew more rapidly than short steers in three of the four comparisons. There was no significant difference in growth rate between types of Angus steers in either trial. Rangy Angus steers gained 0.02 kg/day (n.s.) more than short Angus steers in Trial X, but the short steers grew faster in Trial XIf 0.03 kg/day (n.s.) and they may have exhibited compensatory growth in the first half of the trial. Rangy Beef Shorthorn and Hereford steers showed a greater superiority in growth rate (Beef Shorthorn 0.07 kg/day, P<0.001; Hereford 0.06 kg/day, P<0.001), compared with short type steers of these two breeds. These differences are important advantages in beef production, however the large difference in growth rate meant that because all steers were slaughtered at the same time (to meet the experimental design) the faster-growing Beef Shorthorn and Hereford steers were carried to much heavier weights than would be normal in most farming situations and this adversely affected their carcass composition, because of higher proportions of fat resulting from their heavier carcass weights. An analysis of the order in which steers were slaughtered showed that they moved into the stunning box independent of their type, breed group or liveweight. This finding indicated that data collection subsequent to the processing of the carcasses or in the boning-out of the quarters would be spread across types and breeds randomly. There were very small, non-significant differences between types in dressing-out percentage, carcass shrinkage in the chiller overnight (by weight, or as a percentage of hot carcass weight), and between the weight of the right and left sides of the carcass. This meant that the types tended to rank in the same order if their mean carcass composition was expressed on either a right side, cold or hot carcass basis, or liveweight basis. Preliminary statistical analysis showed there was little difference between types in the distribution of trimmed, boneless lean, bone and trimmed-off fat between the forequarters and hindquarters of the right sides. Therefore the data for each quarter were pooled and the composition of the right side of each carcass was compared between types. Rangy steers yielded a greater weight of trimmed, boneless lean and bone in each breed group. They yielded a lower weight of excess fat in Angus steers, but not in Beef Shorthorn or Hereford steers. There were small, inconsistent differences between types in the percentage of commercially trimmed boneless lean and bone, but larger differences in the percentage of excess fat trimmed from the right side of the carcass. The size of the type differences was influenced by right side weight. The ratio of trimmed meat to bone did not differ significantly between types, therefore it was concluded that the main determinant of the differences in the percentage yields was the amount of excess trimmed fat. Rangy steers tended to have a lower percentage of excess fat and were leaner than short steers except in the case of the Beef Shorthorns and Herefords. Angus types had similar amounts of kidney and channel fat (no significant difference between types in Trials X and XI, respectively). Rangy steers had more kidney and channel fat than short steers in Beef Shorthorns (1.73 kg, P<0.05) and Herefords (2.22 kg, P<0.01). When adjusted for right side weight there was less kidney and channel fat in rangy than short Angus (0.72 kg, n.s. Trial X, 1.72 kg, P<0.05 Trial XI) and Beef Shorthorns (0.53 kg, n.s.), but slightly more in rangy Herefords (0.53 kg, n.s.). Rangy Angus (Trial X) and Beef Shorthorn steers had less fat over the 12th ribeye than short steers (2.0 and 1.5 mm, n.s., respectively). There was little difference in fat depth between Angus (Trial XI) and Hereford types (0.6 and 0.8 mm, n.s., respectively). When the depth of fat over the ribeye of the 12th rib was adjusted for right side weight short steers had a slightly greater depth of fat than rangy steers in Angus (2.5 mm, n.s.) and Beef Shorthorns (5.1 mm, n.s.) in Trial X. However in Trial XI rangy Angus steers had a slightly greater depth of fat than short steers (0.4 mm, n.s.), but there was no difference between types in Herefords. Rangy steers had larger ribeyes than short steers except in Herefords. The difference in ribeye areas between types was 2.51 cm2(n.s.) in Angus Trial X, 6.77 cm2(P<0.01) in Beef Shorthorns and 5.81 cm2(P<0.05) in Angus Trial XI. Short Hereford steers had larger ribeye areas than rangy steers by 3.77 cm2 (n.s.). These differences were reduced and became non-significant when adjusted for right side weight except in Herefords where short steers had significantly largerribeyes (6.76 cm2, P<0.01). Rangy steers had longer carcasses than short steers and longer bone measurements. They had a deeper carcass than short steers in Beef Shorthorn and Hereford steers, but not in Angus steers. The measurement of the depth of the carcass was influenced by fatness which appeared visually to increase the depth of short carcasses in relation to their skeletal size. The types did nof differ in the ratio of carcass length to carcass depth. When carcass dimensions were adjusted for right side weight the differences between types generally became non-significant except in Beef Shorthorn cattle. Rangy steers had slightly greater measures of carcass length, length of the leg and forearm, but had shorter measures of carcass depth than short-type steers except in Beef Shorthorns although the differences were not large. It was concluded that selection of rangy- compared to short-type weaner steers by visual assessment of conformation resulted in more beef being produced by the Angus, Hereford and Beef Shorthorn cattle. The reasons for increased production were various. In each comparison between types the superior initial weight of rangy weaner steers contributed about half of the increase in final yield of lean (assuming a similar composition at weaning). Rapid growth rate of rangy steers in Beef Shorthorn and Herefords contributed to their increased yield of lean although they were over-finished as a consequence of their greater growth rate and the experimental design requiring all cattle to be slaughtered at one time. Growth rate was not found to be an important factor in Angus steers where it appeared that a small superiority in carcass composition resulted in a greater yield of lean meat from rangy steers. Analysis of carcass composition and dimensions at slaughter showed considerable variation within each type. Ratios of body length to depth did not differ and in this respect rangy steers were "bigger" and heavier than short steers though not disproportionately so in relation to weight. The variation within each type suggested that some steers would have been classified into the other group had this been done at the conclusion of the trial. The ratio of body length to chest depth is not a true measure of skeletal size because of the influence of carcass fat in measuring chost depth. It would thus be unwise to draw conclusions about proportionality in size from this study. The experiment has indirectly shown the importance of a heavy weaning weight, of rapid growth rate, and of lean content in beef production. The relative importance of other factors such as age, pre-weaning growth rate, sire and dam and the pre-trial environment could not be assessed with the cattle purchased for this investigation. Visual assessment was not consistent in terms of selection for the same trait. This may have been due to the effect of different persons (between breeds) and their interpretation of "types" and to the amount of phenotypic variation for type in the population from which the steers were selected. The trends observed in this study are in the right direction to improve beef production of traditional beef breeds. The concept will be of use to farmers and others who choose cattle with or without records. The carcasses were graded either P1 or G in both trials. The number of carcasses in each grade were: Trial X G=33, P1=23; Trial XI G=16, P1=44, An analysis tested the hypothesis that there were no differences between grades in carcass characteristics. Carcasses graded G were heavier (15.4 kg, P<0.05) in Trial X, but not significantly so in Trial XI (7.9 kg, n.s.). They had no more kidney and channel fat (1.10 kg, n.s., Trial X and 0.56 kg, n.s. Trial XI) than carcasses graded P1. Results for other carcass characteristics were inconsistent between trials. Carcasses graded G in Trial X had a greater depth of fat over the 12th ribeye (2.4 mm, P<0.05), and a greater proportion of excess fat and less trimmed lean of the right side of the carcass (2.26% fat, P<0.001, and 1.58% lean, P<0.05). These results agree with grade expectations. In Trial XI however, carcasses graded G had the same fat depth over the 12th ribeye (0.0 mm, n.s.), less excess fat trim and more lean as a percentage of right side weight (1.74% fat, P<0.01, 1.72% lean, P<0.05) in direct contradiction to the results of Trial X and of grade expectations. Subjective visual assessment of fat depth from the uncut surface of the carcass resulted in 60 and 88 percent of carcasses being wrongly classified in relation to G grade standards (Trials X and XI, respectively). Graders had more success in classifying "leaner" carcasses 30 and 25 percent of carcasses graded P1 had fat depths outside the grade specification (Trials X and XI, respectively) and then by only a few millimetres. Carcasses graded G in Trial X were of a similar "size" to those graded P1, but were heavier, whereas in Trial XI carcasses graded G were "larger", but of a similar weight.Item A study of adjustment factors for the weaning weights of Hereford and Angus calves : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science at Massey University(Massey University, 1975) Nicoll, Geoffrey BlairFrom the files of the Beef Cattle Weight Gain Performance Recording Scheme of the New Zealand Meat Producers Board and the New Zealand Wool Board, the weaning weights of 7771 Hereford calves born in 18 herds, and 16666 Angus calves born in 37 herds, from 1964 to 1972, were analysed. Objectives of the study involved estimation of the effects of age and sex of calf, and age of dam, in order that methods of adjustment currently used in the National Beef Recording Service for these environmental influences could be evaluated. Each calf was classified according to herd, year of birth, age-of-dam group, and sex, with age at weaning as a covariate. The data were analysed within breeds by least squares to investigate the main effects of these five factors and the first-order interactions among herd, year, age-of-dam group, and sex effects. The importance of each interaction was examined by comparing the proportionate reduction in intra-class residual variation after all main effects had been fitted. The results of the analyses of main effects indicated that for each breed, all effects contributed to more than a 2 percent reduction in intra-class residual variance. The results of the interaction analyses showed that only the herd x year interaction for Hereford calves, and the herd x year and herd x sex interactions for Angus calves, contributed to at least a 2 percent reduction in residual variance after all main effects had been fitted. Within-subclass linear regression coefficients of weight on age at weaning for Hereford and Angus calves, were 0.70 ± 0.01 and 0.62 ± 0.01 kg/day, respectively. Least-squares estimates for sex indicated that the weaning weights of Hereford and Angus males were heavier than those of females by 29.8 and 25.6 kg, respectively. Estimates for age of dam indicated that the weights of Hereford calves out of dams of 2, 3, 4, 5 and, 10 years of age and older, deviated from the weights of Hereford calves out of mature dams (6 to 9 years-old) by 33.3, 17.6, 8.7, 3.8 and 2.2 kg, respectively. The corresponding deviations for Angus calves were 22.7, 15.2, 7.9, 5.4 and 1.4 kg. Estimates for age-of-dam effects were also obtained by best linear unbiased estimation procedures from the records of 7698 Hereford calves out of 2901 dams, and 14198 Angus calves out of 5086 dams. Differences in the estimates of deviations of non-mature from mature dam age groups derived by least squares and by best linear unbiased estimation, were in general relatively small. In relation to the procedure currently used in the National Beef Recording Service, alternative adjustment procedures derived for age at weaning involved additive and multiplicative applications of linear regression of weight on age for each breed. The current procedure, for both breeds, was the least effective in reducing the dependence of adjusted weight on age, whilst the procedure additively applying linear regression of weight on age was the least effective in reducing intra-class residual variance. Adjustments determined for age-of-dam effects by least squares and by best linear unbiased estimation, were considered to differ only slightly from current industry adjustment factors, with the exception of factors applicable to Angus calves out of 3-year-old dams. Examination of the variances within age-of-dam groups, and of the reductions in residual variances within herd-year-sex subclasses, indicated the applicability of additive, rather than multiplicative, adjustment factors for each breed. Comparisons of additive and multiplicative adjustment factors for sex effects were varied. Multiplicative adjustments were more appropriate in equalizing variances within sex groups, whilst additive adjustments were more appropriate in reducing residual variance within herd-year subclasses.