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    For a re-appraisal of the concepts of "decolonization, independence, sovereignty" to the prism of the New Caledonian experience
    (Société des océanistes, 2022-01) Blaise S; David C; Prinsen G
    As part of New Caledonia's process of negotiated decolonization, the Noumea Agreement has explored the path to a new model of sovereignty, recognizing that the sovereignty of the Kanak people is a prerequisite for the founding of a "new sovereignty, shared in a common destiny". In the aftermath of the 3rd referendum on the transfer of the last sovereign powers (12/12/2021), it seems important to analyse the emergence of this «shared sovereignty» and to question its content and its links with the notions of «decolonization» and «independence », which have been largely revisited in the past decades. Then, following on from earlier work, we review the hypothesis of an emerging "islandian" sovereignty in New Caledonia and conclude by assessing the progress of the decolonization process. The originality of our approach lies in its multidisciplinary nature, combining law, politics and economics.
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    Autonomy as the Guiding Aim of Entrepreneurship Education
    (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010) Van Gelderen, Marco
    Structured Abstract Purpose: This analysis has three purposes. First, to present a vision of entrepreneurship education that has the student‟s capacity for autonomous action as its ultimate aim. Second, to convince the reader of the timeliness and relevance of such an approach. Third, to outline how this can be implemented. Approach: This analysis integrates several strands of the literature: research on entrepreneurial autonomy; educational psychology; and entrepreneurship education. Findings: The importance of autonomy is suggested by research on entrepreneurial motivation and satisfaction, as well as by a range of societal trends that favour increased self-reliance. Two perspectives, Self-Determination Theory and Self-Directed Learning, provide leads about how to put autonomy centre stage in entrepreneurship education. Several implementation-related issues are discussed. These include trade-offs between guidance and freedom, information and pressure, the self and others, and choice and relevance; the effects of student behaviour on autonomy support by faculty; and the suitability of autonomy-supportive entrepreneurship education for different kinds of students and educational settings. Practical implications: Teachers, schools and institutions wishing to adapt this approach need to adopt individualised, empowering approaches. Originality/Value: It is novel to conceive of entrepreneurship education as an exercise in the service of the capacity for autonomous action. Classification of Paper type: Viewpoint.
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    Self-determination and entrepreneurship : personal values as intrinsic motivators of entrepreneurial behaviour : a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2010) Kirkley, William Walton
    The study of entrepreneurs has often led to conflicting views about what motivates an individual to engage in entrepreneurship. The historic focus on the traits and characteristics of specific individuals perceived by others to be entrepreneurs, has yielded results that are, at best, speculative and difficult to substantiate. This study has taken a different approach by isolating entrepreneurial behaviour and examining its antecedent components. Specifically, the study sought to discover the internal loci of causality that motivate an individual to engage in entrepreneurial behaviour. The study was based on an inductive and interpretive research design within a constructivist paradigm. A small quantitative survey was conducted initially to screen an appropriate sample, the results of which were later used as an aide memoire during indepth interviews, with thirty New Zealand entrepreneurs. The bulk of the data sourced in this study originated through the interview process. These focused specifically on the meaning individuals attributed to certain fundamental values associated with entrepreneurial behaviour. The resulting narrative was subjected to discourse analysis and categorised into relevant themes. Four fundamental values are believed to be critical to entrepreneurial behaviour, namely, independence, creativity, ambition and daring. These values were expressed as psychological needs and act as intrinsic motivation for entrepreneurial behaviour. Only twenty three percent of the sample (7 out of 30), however, could demonstrate consistent motivation through these four principles. The balance of the participants acknowledged the importance of these four principles to entrepreneurial behaviour. However, the majority admitted that there had been a shift in their behaviour toward management, which placed more emphasis on independence and ambition in the value-set. Creativity and daring were accorded much lesser attention as the individual focused on growing their business. This shift in emphasis in the value-set is perceived to be one cause for the episodic and inconsistent occurrence of entrepreneurial behaviour amongst New Zealand business people.
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    Sociotropy and autonomy in older adults and the relationships between the personality styles, social support, and affect : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Palmerston North
    (Massey University, 2007) Craven, Gillian Mary
    High rates of depression and anxiety are found among older adults. This study investigated the relationship between vulnerability factors and protective factors experienced among this age group. Sociotropy and autonomy are orthogonal cognitive schemata, which influence the experience, and treatment of depression and anxiety in vulnerable individuals. Both sociotropy and autonomy are related to our view of self and others in our world, so it is likely that they influence how social support (which has been identified as a protective factor against the development of depression) is used and perceived. While the concepts of sociotropy and autonomy have been studied extensively in samples of young adults, little research has been undertaken with older adults and none with a New Zealand sample. This study addressed this deficit, with a sample of 492 community-living older adults aged 65 years and older, which was obtained from the New Zealand electoral roll. The present research comprised two stages. The first stage investigated the structure of sociotropy and autonomy, and consisted of two studies. In Study 1, data obtained from the older adult sample via a postal survey, indicated that the single Sociotropy scale and the two autonomy subscales (Independence and Solitude) of the Revised Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale [SAS-Rev] (D. A. Clark, Steer, Beck, & Ross, 1995) were moderately correlated, contrary to previous findings. Principal components analyses were run on the items to examine the structure of the scales more closely. Two sociotropy subscales (Interpersonal Sensitivity and Attachment) and one autonomy scale (Independence) emerged. The scales were still weakly correlated. In Study 2, the structure of sociotropy/autonomy was examined in a student sample in order to ascertain if the difference in structure was due to age. Data obtained from 120 students living in New Zealand, via an online survey, indicated the same independent factor structure as proposed by D. A. Clark et al. (1995). Thus it is proposed that the nature of sociotropy and autonomy is different for older adults than for younger age groups. Also, for older adults, sociotropy and autonomy are not independent constructs and are less clearly differentiated than in younger age groups. Stage 2 examined the influence of the two sociotropy factors (Interpersonal Sensitivity and Attachment) and the autonomy factor (Independence) on the structure of older adults' support networks, the amount of support they receive from family and friends, and how much support they perceive to be available from family and fiends. Positive Affect and Negative Affect were also assessed, as indicators of mental well-being. Attachment was found to be a unique predictor of decreased Available Family Support, increased Available Friend Support, and increased Received Family Support. Received Friend Support was the only support predictor of increased Positive Affect. Of the sociotropy/autonomy factors, higher levels of Independence resulted in increased levels of Positive Affect, while Sensitivity predicted increased levels of Negative Affect and negatively contributed to Positive Affect. None of the sociotropy/autonomy factors moderated the relationship between Received Friend Support and Positive Affect. Implications for assessment of sociotropy/autonomy in older adults, the development of support programmes, and cognitive interventions aimed at enhancing the mental well-being of older adults are discussed. Additional studies are required to provide a more in-depth explanation of the relationships between sociotropy/autonomy and functions of social support among older adults. Suggestions are offered for how future research could further clarify the present findings.