Massey Documents by Type
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/294
Browse
55 results
Search Results
Item Secondary school English language teacher agency in the aftermath of COVID-19 crises : a study from a West Sumatran Region, Indonesia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2025-11-26) Yuliandri, YuliandriThe COVID-19 pandemic saw the prompt shift to Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT), which was challenging for both learners and educators worldwide. This study explores the experiences of secondary school English language teachers working within a resource-limited setting of Lima Puluh Kota Region, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It focuses not only on the ERT period but also on the re-transition to face-to-face teaching post-pandemic. It seeks to answer two research questions: 1) What adjustments did English language teachers make to their practice during and after the pandemic lockdown period, and how did they perceive and articulate these experiences? 2) How did the teachers exercise their agency, negotiate their professional identities, and manage their emotions in response to these experiences? This study adopts a qualitative dominant mixed-methods design. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis are employed to analyse data which was collected from teachers from July to November 2022 through a survey (n=63), two rounds of interviews (n=10), and classroom observations (n=10). The findings indicated that while the teachers were emotionally affected by the abrupt shift to ERT, which was intensified by Digital Divide issues, they tried to negotiate the availability of resources and use their agency to find ways to continue teaching. Some were able to discover benefits beyond the difficulties as ERT exposed them to digital technologies, a wide range of learning modes, and opportunities to pursue professional development (PD). Throughout and after the pandemic, teachers actively negotiated their professional identities, which contributed to their professional growth and increased reflexivity on their current and future practices. This shifted their perspectives about teaching and learning and the role of technology, which proved useful when they encountered challenges re-transitioning to face-to-face classrooms. This study contributes to the literature by 1) adding evidence of how English language teachers exercised their agency during and after the pandemic and illustrating the temporal and contextual aspects involved in the process, 2) revealing different pathways of professional identity negotiation, and 3) breaking down the interplay between agency, identity, and emotions, and outlining the significant role of emotions in both enactment of agency and professional identity negotiation. In addition to these theoretical contributions, practical implications, which focus on the need for school technology infrastructure in the region, and tailored teacher professional development at both school and MoE levels to foster student teachers’ and experienced teachers’ awareness of the intersection of agency, identity and emotion in the teacher education curriculum and training programmes, are discussed.Item Seaweed value chain sustainability assessment in the Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agribusiness, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Manawatu Campus, New Zealand(Massey University, 2024) Mario, Angelo LuigiValue chain study has been crucial in developing the agricultural sector in developing countries, including Indonesia. The study of the value chain in the agricultural sector can present a better understanding of value addition improvements within each stage of the value chain. Indonesia is known as the biggest archipelago country in the world; however, the Indonesian fisheries sector’s GDP contribution is relatively low compared to the land agriculture sector, which indicates that it has not reached its full potential in contributing to the country’s economy. In the Indonesian fisheries sector, seaweed is considered to be the main commodity of the sector, with an average production of around 10 times greater than other fisheries commodities. This indicates the importance and influence of seaweed commodity to the Indonesian fisheries sector, hence the improvement in the seaweed sector is expected to bring significant implications to the Indonesian fisheries sector moving forward. However, any development goals must consider sustainability to ensure that the sector's growth does not compromise environmental conditions, social equity, or long-term economic viability. In the seaweed industry, sustainability is essential to maintaining the sector's long-term success and safeguarding the livelihoods of coastal communities. Furthermore, value chain studies in Indonesia are still limited, especially those focusing on the seaweed sector and sustainability assessment. The gap is notable in the Indonesian fisheries sector, where seaweed stands as the most influential commodity based on production volume. Several provinces in Indonesia are known as centers of seaweed production, including East Nusa Tenggara Province, with Kupang Regency being its main contributing area. The main aim of this study is to comprehensively analyse the seaweed value chain in the Kupang Regency and to assess the sustainability of the seaweed value chain. The findings of this study are invaluable to value chain players, policymakers, and other researchers in the development of the Indonesian seaweed industry in terms of optimizing governance and management of the value chains, ensuring their sustainability, and enhancing their socio economic contribution. This study was conducted in the Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. A qualitative approach was used in this study. Primary data was collected using semi-structured interviews with key players of the seaweed value chain in the region, while secondary data was obtained from the local government database. The findings of this study identified that the seaweed value chain in the Kupang Regency is divided into two types of value chains: unprocessed and processed seaweed, which are performed by smallholder farmers, local intermediaries, inter island traders, small-scale processors, and carrageenan processor as the value chain players. In terms of sustainability, the study indicated that the seaweed value chain is more prone to negative impact caused by external factors (climate and pollution-related) outside of the seaweed value chain compared to its internal factors, where both factors have historically imposed a critical threat to the sustainability aspect of the seaweed value chain in the Kupang Regency.Item Prejudice toward the Xinyimin in Indonesia: testing the integrated threat model(Taylor and Francis Group on behalf of the Eastern Communication Association, 2024-09-12) Yotes T; Croucher S; Maydell EChina’s Belt and Road Initiative has galvanized new Chinese migration to Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. The presence of the new Chinese migrants (Xinyimin) has not gone without resistance in Indonesia. This study examines the effects of history of intergroup conflicts and contact on the formation of threat perceptions toward the Xinyimin in Indonesia. The findings revealed both history of conflicts and contact predict realistic threat and highlight the importance of open communication in mitigating intergroup biases.Item The co-design of a chat telepsychotherapy manual for Indonesians with minor depression : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand(Massey University, 2024-04-08) Endro, Wisnu Tri WidodoThe primary aim of this study was to address a gap found in the discipline of Psychology and mental health treatment in the Indonesian setting. Advances in technology and the changing lifestyle of Indonesians made distance mental health treatment a common practice. This study focuses on one of the few options for distance mental health treatment, Chat Telepsychotherapy, which has gained popularity among Indonesians, especially the Millennials and Gen Z in Indonesia. The main issue with the phenomenon was the unavailability of comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines on how to best execute such a therapy. Thus, this study aimed to create a manual that could help the community of Indonesian Clinical Psychologists to deliver Chat Telepsychotherapy to Indonesians. The study limits the scope to Indonesian Millennials and Gen Z who suffer from Minor Depression. This is because these generations are the primary users of such a service, and depression itself is found to be one of the most common mental health issues in Indonesia. To achieve the goal of this study, I used a qualitative method that used Collaborative Design with the help of online-focused group discussion. I collaborated with Indonesian clinical psychologists, Indonesian millennials, and Gen Z with minor depression to design the manual. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the participants' answers. The result of the study is a comprehensive manual that consists of nine chapters: 1) Introduction; 2) The Concept of Chat Telepsychotherapy; 3) Starting CT Practice; 4) General Guidelines for Conducting CT; 5) Specific Guidelines for Conducting CT; 6) Characteristics of Indonesian Millennials and Gen Z; 7) Minor Depressive Disorder; 8) Self-Harm; 9) CT Stages for Indonesian Millennial and Gen Z with Minor Depression. The main suggestion for future studies is to test the manual to assess its usability and effectiveness.Item Sustainable agrifood value chain transformation in developing countries : Indonesia's cashew sector case : a thesis with publication presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agribusiness, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2023) Hidayati, Dwi RatnaThe value chain approach has been extensively explored to assist the development of the agrifood sector in developing countries. Agrifood value chain players in developing countries are increasingly moving into higher-value markets in order to increase their profits. The value chain lens can monitor the dynamic of the chain arrangement through governance activities and assess the value-adding source activities. In the meantime, higher value markets have imposed a new value focus on sustainable standards throughout the chain, demanding a "sustainable value chain" practice. A sustainable value chain requires the players to obtain a balanced activity in the economic, social, and environmental aspect. Many studies have sparked investigation in the sustainable value chain, however, the ability of developing countries’ value chain to transform their practices remains a contentious issue. Three significant problems could seriously impede the transformation process. First, most agrifood value chain transformations in developing countries begin with an outdated, traditional value chain. Second, a large number of smallholders are the main players in developing countries, who are typically cut off from the majority of value chain operations in terms of governance and value addition. Third, players from developing countries primarily develop practices with economic priority for alleviating their poverty, which frequently endanger social and environmental aspects. This study examines how to enable the sustainable agrifood value chain transformation in developing countries. Despite the fact that numerous studies have found a wide range of useful indicators, the structure of the transformation mechanism is frequently ignored. Therefore, this study focuses on synthesising indicators and finding the most effective mechanism to deal with sustainable value chain transformation. It is found that a framework that integrates sustainability, governance, and value addition dimensions has provided a strong foundation for facilitating and anticipating the sustainable value chain transformation in developing countries. Sustainability aspects must be incorporated into governance activities, in order to lead into value addition activities required by higher value markets. The proposed framework was applied in the cashew sector of Indonesia, by employing a qualitative method followed by a quantitative method. The qualitative method was used as an initial assessment of the current value chain practices. In 2020, a total of 25 key interviews with value chain players and stakeholders in Madura Island of Indonesia were conducted. The assessment specifically focuses on the evaluation of maturity level of practises (based around traditional chain, managed chain, and best practice), using governance and the value addition dimension. The findings confirm that there was a disconnect in practices among value chain players. Smallholders followed the traditional value chain, whereas major wholesalers and exporters followed the managed value chain. It was then proposed that value chain transformation be tailored in step-by-step trajectories to align smallholder practices with other players. Before all value chain players can advance to the best procedure, the practices of smallholders must first be aligned to a managed chain level. Following up on the findings, the enabling factors for a sustainable value chain transformation were assessed in order to fully align with higher value market demands. Smallholders’ perspective was used as the focus of attention since they are the most vulnerable player operating in the value chain and prone to sustainability. In 2021, a quantitative method was used with 159 smallholders as respondents in the study area. The results showed that farm practice milieu and information-communication are the strongest factors to enable sustainable value chain practice. It was followed by stakeholder support, certification orientation and market expansion as moderate factors in order to amplify the process of practice transformation. Meanwhile, pre-harvesting value, value-capturing, and post-harvest value are the weak factors which tend to abate transformation. Given these factors, the final step of investigation is to examine the actors who are most compatible with higher value market demands. The heterogeneity of smallholders’ perspectives towards sustainable value chain practices was evaluated. Four clusters were discovered and prioritised as accelerators, progressors, inattentive, and conservative. Understanding the heterogeneity of smallholders allows for a more precise treatment, and prioritisation in intervention is required to accelerate alignment with higher value markets. Overall, this study stands out in advancing the enabling mechanism for a sustainable value chain transformation through a systematic and structured process. The study lays the groundwork for future sustainable value chain studies which focus on the mechanism of transformation, using a step-by-step procedure, prioritised factors, and actors. Practitioners could independently evaluate and tailor their most effective transformation approach. Furthermore, policymakers could set the intervention into a more targeted agenda.Item The everyday conduct of inter-ethnic marriages in Indonesia : participants navigating points of tension and cultivating harmony through adaptive socio-cultural practices : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Yulianto, Jony EkoInter-ethnic marriages are a pressing issue in many culturally diverse countries. In Indonesia, inter-ethnic marriages comprise approximately 11% of all marriages. Researchers have predicted that this number will increase due to increasingly positive public perceptions of inter-ethnic marriages among younger generations of Indonesians. However, more research is needed to deepen present understandings of the everyday conduct of such unions. This thesis explores the dynamic inter-cultural, relational, spatial and material dimensions of the everyday conduct of 10 inter-ethnic marriages between Javanese and Chinese persons in East Java, Indonesia. Particular attention is paid to how couples navigate points of inter-cultural tension in their shared efforts to realise harmony in their marriages. This is done through adaptive socio-cultural practices. I also consider how inter-ethnic marriages can function as encounter spaces within which people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds come together to cultivate shared and culturally hybrid lives that draw from the cultural traditions of both partners. This thesis is based around three international publications. The first article conceptualises inter-ethnic marriages as third spaces for inter-cultural re-assemblage. I document the use of various agentive social practices that enable participants to combine key elements of Javanese and Chinese Indonesian cultural assemblages within their inter-ethnic marriages. The second article explores how inter-cultural tensions in the conduct of inter-ethnic marriages are managed by participants through often mundane social practices that contribute to the socio-cultural construction of various locales, across which couples forge their lives together. The third article documents how money, related objects, and practices are often implicated in the inter-cultural relational dynamics, tensions and culturally hybrid practices that emerge when persons from different cultural backgrounds cooperate to forge new lives together. Overall, this thesis contributes to the psychology of inter-ethnic marriages by offering new insights into the ways in which Javanese and Chinese Indonesians conduct their everyday lives together. In particular, this thesis highlights the centrality of approaching inter-ethnic marriages between Javanese and Chinese Indonesians as an intimate and socio-structural process that needs to be understood within the broader context of historical inter-group relations. Accordingly, this research bridges the gap between local experiences of conducting inter-ethnic marriages and broader societal shifts in terms of how members of Javanese and Chinese cultural groups can strive agentively to cultivate more harmonious lives together.Item Multigenerational caregiving for older people in Bali : combining macro and micro perspectives to understand ageing, family, and caregiving : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Lestari, Made DiahMost of the existing research on family caregiving focuses on the nuclear family, consisting only of parents and children as the research population and women as the primary caregivers. Research on family caregiving needs to take into account demographic and social-cultural contexts. Thus, I sought to explore caregiving and ageing in multigenerational households. As populations continue to age, older people’s needs for special care has become a critical issue that affects families as the primary support of older people and sometimes presents a burden for families in terms of caregiving. While we are witnessing the development of public provisions to support our ageing population, at the same time, the cultural obligation to care for older generations may be reinforced by policies, effectively shifting state responsibilities to the private sphere. The study was framed by a critical gerontology approach to ageing issues from two perspectives: political-moral economy and humanistic gerontology. Critical gerontology provides space for a dialogue between macro and micro perspectives in understanding ageing and family caregiving. The research was conducted in Bali, where most older people live in multigenerational households. At the macro level of caregiving, this study aimed to critically review the regional ageing policies in Indonesia. Using critical discourse analysis, this study explored constructions of older people’s identities in regional ageing policies and found two identity constructions, namely “material ageing” and “cultural ageing”. Such positioning has macro and micro effects on ageing and caregiving practices. At the intersection between macro and micro levels of caregiving, individual narrative interviews were conducted from January until May 2020 with 49 members of 11 multigenerational households to explore the social construction of ageing and family caregiving specific to Balinese culture. Thematic analysis, narrative analysis, and discursive positioning analysis were used to analyse the interview data, exploring: (a) important aspects of local knowledge about multigenerational caregiving reported by participants; (b) the role played by the local narratives in shaping family members’ stories of multigenerational caregiving; and (c) how two dominant ageing discourses in regional ageing policies, “decline” and “successful ageing”, were taken up by older people and their family members in constructing their stories on ageing and family caregiving. I discussed the collective implications of these findings for the micro experiences of ageing and policy and developed a theoretical model of multigenerational caregiving, including its opportunities and challenges by synthesising the findings into a socioecological model. This model provided the basis for an analysis of the intersection between private and public domains of multigenerational caregiving and suggestions for initiatives at the family, community, society, and cultural levels to ensure the sustainability of family caregiving in Bali as well as providing support for the family caregivers.Item Mapping of multitemporal rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth stages using remote sensing with multi-sensor and machine learning : a thesis dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Ramadhani, FadhlullahRice (Oryza Sativa) plays a pivotal role in food security for Asian countries, especially in Indonesia. Due to the increasing pressure of environmental changes, such as land use and climate, rice cultivation areas need to be monitored regularly and spatially to ensure sustainable rice production. Moreover, timely information of rice growth stages (RGS) can lead to more efficient of inputs distribution from water, seed, fertilizer, and pesticide. One of the efficient solutions for regularly mapping the rice crop is using Earth observation satellites. Moreover, the increasing availability of open access satellite images such as Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 provides ample opportunities to map continuous and high-resolution rice growth stages with greater accuracy. The majority of the literature has focused on mapping rice area, cropping patterns and relied mainly on the phenology of vegetation. However, the mapping process of RGS was difficult to assess the accuracy, time-consuming, and depended on only one sensor. In this work, we discuss the use of machine learning algorithms (MLA) for mapping paddy RGS with multiple remote sensing data in near-real-time. The study area was Java Island, which is the primary rice producer in Indonesia. This study has investigated: (1) the mapping of RGS using Landsat-8 imagery and different MLAs, and their rigorous performance was evaluated by conducting a multitemporal analysis; (2) the temporal consistency of predicting RGS using Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, and Sentinel-1 data; (3) evaluating the correlation of local statistics data and paddy RGS using Sentinel-2, PROBA-V, and Sentinel-1 with MLAs. The ground truth datasets were collected from multi-year web camera data (2014-2016) and three months of the field campaign in different regions of Java (2018). The study considered the RGS in the analysis to be vegetative, reproductive, ripening, bare land, and flooding, and MLAs such as support vector machines (SVMs), random forest (RF), and artificial neural network (ANN) were used. The temporal consistency matrix was used to compare the classification maps within three sensor datasets (Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, Sentinel-1) and in four periods (5, 10, 15, 16 days). Moreover, the result of the RGS map was also compared with monthly data from local statistics within each sub-district using cross-correlation analysis. The result from the analysis shows that SVM with a radial base function outperformed the RF and ANN and proved to be a robust method for small-size datasets (< 1,000 points). Compared to Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 OLI gives less accuracy due to the lack of a red-edge band and larger pixel size (30 x 30 m). Integration of Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, and Sentinel-1 improved the classification performance and increased the temporal availability of cloud-free maps. The integration of PROBA-V and Sentinel-1 improved the classification accuracy from the Landsat-8 result, consistent with the monthly rice planting area statistics at the sub-district level. The western area of Java has the highest accuracy and consistency since the cropping pattern only relied on rice cultivation. In contrast, less accuracy was noticed in the eastern area because of upland rice cultivation due to limited irrigation facilities and mixed cropping. In addition, the cultivation of shallots to the north of Nganjuk Regency interferes with the model predictions because the cultivation of shallots resembles the vegetative phase due to the water banks. One future research idea is the auto-detection of the cropping index in the complex landscape to be able to use it for mapping RGS on a global scale. Detection of the rice area and RGS using Google Earth Engine (GEE) can be an action plan to disseminate the information quickly on a planetary scale. Our results show that the multitemporal Sentinel-1 combined with RF can detect rice areas with high accuracy (>91%). Similarly, accurate RGS maps can be detected by integrating multiple remote sensing (Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 OLI, and MOD13Q1) data with acceptable accuracy (76.4%), with high temporal frequency and lower cloud interference (every 16 days). Overall, this study shows that remote sensing combined with the machine learning methodology can deliver information on RGS in a timely fashion, which is easy to scale up and consistent both in time and space and matches the local statistics. This thesis is also in line with the existing rice monitoring projects such as Crop Monitor, Crop Watch, AMIS, and Sen4Agri to support disseminating information over a large area. To sum up, the proposed workflow and detailed map provide a more accurate method and information in near real-time for stakeholders, such as governmental agencies against the existing mapping method. This method can be introduced to provide accurate information to rice farmers promptly with sufficient inputs such as irrigation, seeds, and fertilisers for ensuring national food security from the shifting planting time due to climate change.Item Improving shallot (Allium cepa Aggregatum group) production in acidic soils in West Java, Indonesia : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy of Gina Aliya Sopha in Horticulture at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Sopha, Gina AliyaIn the West Java region, Indonesia, the wide range of shallot (Allium cepa) bulb yields suggests that there is potential for productivity improvements, especially for smallholder farmers. This study, which involved a farmer and soil fertility survey, two field trials and a laboratory incubation study, aimed to improve the shallot productivity of smallholder farmers. The survey, conducted in four districts of West Java, identified that the Pacet District had the lowest average bulb yield of 5.4 t ha⁻¹ and also had a wide range of yields (2.3 to 11.8 t ha⁻¹). The two common soil fertility constraints were very low soil pH and low available soil phosphorus (P). The first field trial aimed to determine the optimal P fertiliser rates, when rates of up to 1 tonne of lime ha⁻¹ were applied, for three different farm sites in the Pacet District. These sites had strongly acidic soils with constraining exchangeable Al³⁺ and available soil P levels. The second field trial aimed to determine the response of shallot bulb yield to P fertiliser once exchangeable Al³⁺ had been decreased to a low level using high rates of lime. This field trial used a single farm site with a very low soil pHH₂O of 4.1, a high exchangeable Al³⁺ of 1.9 cmol (+) kg⁻¹ and a low Bray1-P of 10 mg P kg⁻¹. The incubation experiment assessed the effect of a range of liming materials, as well as rice husk biochar and zeolite, on soil pH, exchangeable Al³⁺ and cation exchange capacity (CEC). This study quantified the benefits of improved lime and P fertiliser practices and identified constraints to their implementation. Farmers should aim to ensure that soil exchangeable Al³⁺ levels are maintained < 0.5 cmol (+) kg⁻¹, which will be at soil pH levels of approximately > 4.7. Monitoring soil P status through soil testing and achieving Bray1-P levels above 28 kg ha⁻¹ also improves the likelihood of achieving high yields. Very good financial returns can be achieved from high yielding shallot crops; however, farmers need better access to the services of agricultural field officers to conduct and interpret soil tests.Item Saving and social functions of cattle in smallholder livelihoods : a multiple case study of cattle management in NTB, Indonesia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Systems and Environment at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2021) Yanuartati, Baiq Yulfia ElsadewiIn Indonesia and internationally, market-led rural development initiatives seek to transition smallholder farmers from current farming practices to those driven by market requirements. Expected outcomes from these often single product focussed initiatives are often not reached. This is the case in Eastern Indonesia where smallholder cattle farming and beef production is the target of market-led rural development initiatives that have not to date matched expected outcomes. This thesis answers the research question: What shapes smallholder farmers’ management of cattle in NTB Indonesia and why? In so doing the complex dynamics that influence the management of one enterprise that is a part of a multiple interlinked livelihood is illustrated, and the reasons why single enterprise market led initiatives may need to be revised is made clear. The sustainable livelihood framework and concepts of functions and attributes of livelihood assets and activities guided this research. A case study of two social groupings was conducted in the Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) Province, East Indonesia. Primary data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews supported by documents. Data was analysed and interpreted using qualitative data analysis. Management of cattle by smallholders constituted decisions around ownership, care, buying, selling, and retaining of cattle, along with nutrition, healthcare, and mating. Smallholder management was dominated by cattle being primarily viewed as a form of saving rather than a source of household food or income. Cattle fulfilled a complementary function to other smallholder enterprises and household needs and were also significantly shaped by the significance of cattle to social and cultural norms that differ in nuanced ways across social groups living in the same location. The drivers for cattle management were not primarily market-led and the market dynamics around cattle reflected and reinforced the role of cattle in smallholders’ livelihoods. How smallholders manage an asset or an activity is evidenced in this research to be shaped by not only the function fulfilled by that asset, but also by that asset’s relationship to other assets and their functions in the livelihood. This research argues that market-led initiatives that focus on a single enterprise will continue to fall short until greater consideration as to the place of that enterprise in smallholders’ livelihood is considered in designing and implementing initiatives.