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    What effect has the tragedy that occurred on September 11th 2001 had on international security measures at the United Nations? : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Aviation Management at Massey University, Albany, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2006) Gilbert, Catherine
    The tragedy of 11th September 2001 (9/11), took place on United States soil, and deeply affected the psyche of American people. Many other countries and organisations based within those countries, suddenly felt much more vulnerable from terrorist attacks. One such organisation was the United Nations (UN). Furthermore, in August 2003, the UN suffered its own major security disaster, "Some officials called it the UN's own version of 9/11" (D. Pitt, 2004); with the bombing of its Baghdad office in Iraq and loss of twenty two UN staff members' lives. For the UN, with offices all around the world, ensuring that its buildings are secure and its staff members are safe is a complicated business as it is usually reliant on the Host Government to assist with the security and safety of its staff, which can create complications in war torn and beleaguered countries. The UN therefore has the difficult task of ensuring security needs are being achieved in its locations worldwide; whilst still achieving the following efforts in those locations: "to prevent violent conflict, resolve conflicts that have erupted, protect civilians and deliver humanitarian assistance, keep the peace when combatants have reached a truce, and build lasting peace in the aftermath of war,,. (Kofi Annan, UN SecretaryGeneral, 2004). This thesis therefore seeks to explore the ongoing effects that the 9/11 tragedy has had on international security measures in the UN. It will explore internal (to the UN) and external documents, newspaper articles, books, web articles and other material to present a comprehensive document on these measures. This thesis will also discuss the issues that have hampered the UWs endeavors to counter terrorism through a number of UN conventions, which address specific factions and acts, but with no international agreed definition of terrorism.
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    The importance of the security of energy shipments in the Straits of Malacca for littoral user states and user states : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of 149.896 Master of Defence Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2010) Prabowo, Purwoko Aji
    In the globalized wortd, how we understand and interpret the world is partly dependent on how we define the world we are trying to understand and interpret. A number of different definitions further are employed to define this. In the study of international relations, to understand and interpret the world we should not only learn about diplomacy and strategy but also need to look at the issues of war, peace, conflict, and cooperation. Subsequently, one has to consider world trade, communication, transportation, emergence of global society in politics, economics and security. These areas provide significant implication for study, along with the world oil energy security in the Sea Lanes of Communication having a major impact on each. Maritime transport still remains the most inexpensive means of transporting bulk goods, and the world energy: oil, coal, etc. Over 80% of the world's trade involves ocean transit and the world's sea lanes and chokepoints are vital in supporting regional and distant economies. The Straits of Malacca, second busiest chokepOints, located in Southeast Asia, consist of the Strait of Malacca itself and the Strart of Singapore. Due to its limitation in narrow width, capacrty for shipping vessels, and a number of sea criminals, the Straits of Malacca becomes increasingly important not only for user states; China, Japan, India, and the Unrted States of America, but also for the littoral user states; Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.