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    Iodine
    (Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition, 2024-01-30) Brough L; Skeaff S
    The micronutrient iodine is essential for thyroid function. Iodine is a constituent of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) that control metabolism, growth, and development [2].
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    Do Micronutrient and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements Affect Human Maternal Immunity during Pregnancy? A Scoping Review
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-01-15) Rees G; Brough L; Orsatti GM; Lodge A; Walker S; Pérez-Cano FJ
    Maternal dietary micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids support development of the fetal and neonatal immune system. Whether supplementation is similarly beneficial for the mother during gestation has received limited attention. A scoping review of human trials was conducted looking for evidence of biochemical, genomic, and clinical effects of supplementation on the maternal immune system. The authors explored the literature on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from 2010 to the present day using PRISMA-ScR methodology. Full-length human trials in English were searched for using general terms and vitamin A, B12, C, D, and E; choline; iodine; iron; selenium; zinc; and docosahexaenoic/eicosapentaenoic acid. Of 1391 unique articles, 36 were eligible for inclusion. Diverse biochemical and epigenomic effects of supplementation were identified that may influence innate and adaptive immunity. Possible clinical benefits were encountered in malaria, HIV infections, anemia, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, and preventing preterm delivery. Only limited publications were identified that directly explored maternal immunity in pregnancy and the effects of micronutrients. None provided a holistic perspective. It is concluded that supplementation may influence biochemical aspects of the maternal immune response and some clinical outcomes, but the evidence from this review is not sufficient to justify changes to current guidelines.
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    Iodine and mid-life women living in Auckland, New Zealand who avoid bread : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Human Nutrition at Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2019) Finlayson, Jacqueline
    Aim: To investigate if avoidance of iodine fortified bread products by mid-life women results in low iodine status following mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt in New Zealand in 2009. Method: This cross-sectional study actively recruited women whose consumption of iodine fortified commercially baked bread was less than one slice per day. Assessment of iodine intake and status was determined via food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), three-day diet diary (3DDD) and 24-hour urine collection. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was determined and daily urinary iodine excretion and daily iodine intake was assessed. Results: Forty-six mid-life women living in Auckland were recruited for assessment of dietary intake of iodine, women were aged between 40-63 years and did not have diagnosed thyroid disease. The median urinary iodine concentration was 49 (35, 78) μg/l and indicates deficiency (Zimmermann, 2011). The median urinary iodine excretion was 108 (74, 154) μg/day and based on these results, the estimated median iodine intake of 120 (82, 171) μg/day was determined. This intake is below the recommended dietary intake (RDI) of 150 μg/day. Further, 91% of participants’ intake was below the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 100μg/day. Conclusion: From this small sample, the study showed that mid-life women living in NZ who avoid bread are at risk of inadequate dietary iodine intake. This group is unable to benefit from the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt. This highlights the importance of continued monitoring of the iodine fortification programme within New Zealand. Further research should investigate both thyroid function and dietary habits of low bread consumers in New Zealand in a larger sample. Also an attempt to raise awareness of the best sources of iodine in the NZ diet, to improve both dietary intake and status of iodine amongst at-risk groups such as this is highly recommended.