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    The impact of trade liberalisation on the Indonesian food crop sector : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Economics at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1994) Da Costa, Helder
    Studies of agricultural trade policies in developed countries generally focus their attention on impacts in their own domestic markets. Less attention has been given to impacts on developing countries nor their need for special and differential treatment in multilateral trade negotiations. This study assesses the impacts of trade liberalisation by modelling the outcome of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations. The removal of support in the industrialised nations on the Indonesian food crops sector was examined. Using the Static World Policy Simulation (SWOPSIM) model of world agricultural trade, the impacts on Indonesian consumption, production and net trade were estimated. The results indicate that Indonesian exports of corn would expand, and the country could also become an exporter of rice. Imports of sugar could expand partly as a result of a reduction in Indonesian sugar subsidies. While multilateral trade liberalisation that results in higher world prices may have a negative effect on food importing developing countries, this was found not to be the case for Indonesia (at least for the food crops studied). The increase in producer welfare would more than compensate for the fall in consumer welfare, government subsidy expenditures would fall and the country's trade balance would improve. In addition, continuing unilateral deregulatory and liberalisation measures in other sectors of the Indonesian economy, as well as in agriculture, will provide scope for the development of further new export opportunities.
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    Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for control of transboundary livestock diseases using the example of the 2010/11 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the Republic of Korea : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Science at Massey University, Manawatū
    (Massey University, 2015) Kim, EuTteum
    Decisions regarding transboundary livestock disease control strategies differ from personal decisions, such as buying groceries, in important ways: the stakes are high and the outcome of a decision will affect people in different fields. Decision making for transboundary livestock disease control strategies requires consideration of a number of factors including the epidemiology of the disease, economic cost of control, and environmental and social impact. For example, when applying pre-emptive slaughtering as a control measure for FMD, decision makers need to consider the epidemiologic effectiveness of the control measure, financial loss to farmers, the operational cost of slaughtering, negative impacts on the environment due to burning or burial of culled animals, and the public’s concerns for the welfare of slaughtered animals. Therefore, it can be challenging for decision makers to choose the best control strategy among alternative strategies. The study presented in the thesis describes the application of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) process as a decision support tool for decision making about transboundary livestock disease control strategies using an example of a simulated FMD outbreak. The first research chapter (Chapter 3) investigates the preferences of chief veterinary officers (CVOs) for the criteria of FMD-control strategies in the Asia-Oceania region, which comprises countries free from or having experienced FMD. Criteria were grouped into epidemiologic, economic, and social-environmental. The CVOs in the Asia-Oceania region considered the epidemiologic criterion more important than the economic or the social-environmental criterion. The importance of the economic criterion differed with FMD status of a country: specifically, those countries considered free of FMD ranked the economic criterion as more important than those without. Among the criteria comprising the epidemiologic criterion, the most important was the size of the FMD-infected area, defined as the geographical size of FMD outbreak area. Within the economic criterion, the operational cost of the FMD-control strategy was considered the most important, and within the social-environmental criterion, the mental health of FMD-affected farmers was the most important criterion. Chapter 4 describes the construction of an epidemiologic model of the spread of the 2010/11 FMD outbreak in the city of Andong, Republic of Korea, to measure the epidemiologic effectiveness of FMD-control strategies. According to the simulation results, the model accurately represented the FMD outbreak in two ways: 1) the median number of simulated FMD-detected farms was the same as the number of detected farms during the actual FMD epidemic, and 2) the simulated epidemic curve was similar to the actual epidemic curve for the 2010/11 FMD epidemic. Thus, the constructed model could be used as a reference for evaluating the effectiveness of alternative FMD-control strategies. The control strategy applied during the 2010/11 FMD epidemic consisted of a pre-emptive slaughter area with a radius of three kilometres, 100 day movement restriction, and vaccination of all FMD-susceptible animals in the country. This was used as a baseline strategy in the study. Alternative levels of these control measures for the FMD-control strategy were simulated to evaluate the effect of alternative strategies. Changes in control measures were: 1) pre-emptive slaughtering within a radius of 0.5, one, and five kilometres of FMD-infected farms; 2) movement restriction of 30 days and 60 days; 3) ring vaccination in a band three to five kilometres from FMD-infected farms. According to the simulation results, the five kilometres slaughtering strategy resulted in the fewest FMD-infected farms. Cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis was applied to evaluate the economic effectiveness of FMD-control strategies using the results of epidemiologic simulation model (Chapter 5). This showed that ring vaccination in a band three to five kilometres from FMD-infected farms was the most cost efficient among alternative FMD-control strategies. The other FMD-control strategies, in decreasing order of economic efficiency, were five kilometre slaughtering, 30 day stop movement, and 60 day stop movement. The 0.5 kilometre and one kilometre slaughtering strategy were excluded in the analysis because these strategies did not control FMD spread during the simulations. Chapter 6 describes the MCDA process for choosing the optimal FMD-control strategy based on the results from Chapters 3, 4 and 5. The measurements of the criteria were merged with the weight of criteria to calculate the overall score of each FMD-control strategy. In the Asia-Oceania region, CVOs preferred ring vaccination over alternative FMD-control strategies, with 30 day stop movement being the least preferred of the FMD-control strategies. The findings presented in each of these chapters have broadened our knowledge of the decision making process regarding FMD-control strategies. The processes were reliable, transparent, and reproducible and can be applied not only to FMD but also to other transboundary livestock diseases such as classical swine fever or highly pathogenic avian influenza.
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    Factors affecting imported dairy product marketing margins in Korea : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Studies in Agribusiness, Massey University
    (Massey University, 2000) Cho, Jae Sung
    Over the past decade, the Korean dairy industry has been affected by considerable reductions in non-tariff barriers as a result of trade liberalisation. The dairy marketing system in particular has had many regulations and barriers removed. The question arises as to the effect of trade liberalisation and reductions in protection on imported dairy product marketing margins in Korea. This study determined imported dairy product marketing margins in Korea and assessed how they had changed over the past 15 years. The most important factors responsible for the trends and fluctuations observed in those margins were identified and estimated. An attempt at a product-focused method was made on cheese and skim milk powder (SMP), which are generally representative of dairy products as a whole. Descriptive and econometric methods were both used to identify the most important determinants of the aggregate cost of processing and distributing imported dairy products. A cheese (MMCHE) model and a SMP (MMSMP) model were developed and estimated. The two models estimated cheese and SMP marketing margins respectively as functions of exchange rates, trade liberalisation, wage rates and transportation costs. Both models were estimated using standard and stepwise regressions. Results obtained from this analysis suggest that changes in earnings (wages) were the strongest influence on imported dairy product marketing margins during the past 15 years. However, these results cannot explain the fall in cheese and SMP marketing margins after 1995 as this coincided with a rise in wage rates. The increase in CIF (Cost of Insurance and Freight) prices for these products was largely responsible for the smaller margins. Because exchange rates are a large element of CIF price, it is believed that marketing margins were closely associated with the value of the exchange rate. Conclusions are based on descriptive indicators and an econometric analysis that examined the relationships between economic factors and marketing margins. The impact of trade liberalisation on imported dairy product marketing margins was mixed with other economic factors. This study concludes that trade liberalisation has not in general been associated with lower imported dairy product marketing margins in Korea. Labour costs (wages) appear to have been the most important influence on those margins during the period 1985-98.
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    Tomorrow's schools : today's industry : economic agendas and competitive forces in global education : New Zealand and South Korea : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2014) Innes, Marilyn Joyce
    Over the last four decades, education has been moving away from being not just a national or state responsibility, but also a tradable commodity, with its design, funding, pedagogical content, and resourcing closely linked to trade and industry. This thesis posits that education industries in both New Zealand and South Korea are manifestations of the long-term effects of a global mantra of competition and economic trade agendas and/or policies that the United States of America, the World Bank, and the IMF have strategically developed and implemented since the 1980s. This competitive mantra has been influential in growing the ‘shadow’ education industry in South Korea that flourishes alongside the egalitarian state school-system deemed, to be in ‘crisis’ or ‘collapse’ since 1999. The result is societal pressure for Korean students to spend many hours of intensive after-school study at huge financial and social cost to families. A number of Korean parents have sent their young children abroad for educational sojourns since 1999, with many thousands being enrolled in New Zealand’s state schools as foreign fee-paying students (FFPS) and, thus, becoming part of New Zealand’s ‘billion-dollar’ export education industry. This thesis argues that further ‘shadow’ industry activity, particularly in the guise of public-private partnerships (PPPs), is increasingly being spread into the state-schooling sectors of countries, including New Zealand, that have accepted education policies and ‘good ideas’ from the World Bank and the OECD. Consequently the potential is high for there to be a surge of competition and credentialism that will facilitate further private investment in education and ultimately create similar pressures to those already experienced by Korean students. With New Zealand’s support of the WTO general agreement on trade in services (GATS), its continued participation in global tests, such as the OECD Programme for International Assessment (PISA), and legislation in place for charter schools and public-private partnerships, it appears that a restructuring of education or a global education reform movement is already well underway.