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    Dietary intake and nutritional status of Korean migrants in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutritional Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2005) Kim, Jung Ha
    Migration to a new country presents many lifestyle challenges that may influence future health outcomes. In particular, eating patterns may be altered due to the expense or lack of availability of foods typical of the immigrant's usual diet and the relative abundance of unfamiliar, locally produced foods. Studies of migrants carried out in host countries have shown that the change of living environment is associated with changes in food choices, activity patterns and other lifestyle factors. This may then be reflected by changes in health indicators: e.g., body measurements, and consequently morbidity and mortality. The latest census indicates that Koreans are the fastest growing ethnic group and the third largest Asian ethnic group in New Zealand after Chinese and Indians. Nonetheless, to date no studies have examined the nutritional outcomes resulting from the migration of Koreans to New Zealand. Hence, a study is needed to determine the dietary habits and the possible impact of the diet on risk factors for health and disease among Korean migrants. As a pilot study, the purpose of this study was to assess dietary intake and other health related measures in a sample of 50 middle-aged (40-55 years) Korean females who have lived in New Zealand for at least 5 years. The study assessed sociodemographic characteristics, activity level, dietary intake, factors related to the dietary intake and anthropometric and biochemical measurements by questionnaires, 24-hour dietary recall and appropriate body measurements. The body measurements included weight, height, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, waist, hip, and upper arm circumference, elbow breadth, body fat using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, blood pressure and blood glucose level. The nutrient intakes of subjects were found to be generally adequate and the proportions of energy derived from macronutrients (Carbohydrate:Protein:Fat =55:17:26) were also considered to be in the adequate range. However, low intakes of calcium (596mg) and zinc (8mg) and high intake of sodium (3749mg) were identified as the main nutritional problems in this population. The nutrient intakes of Korean immigrants to New Zealand with longer residences (≥8.8 years) did not differ from those with shorter residences (<8.8 years). This suggests that the dietary acculturation of migrant Koreans may have taken place during the early years of residence in New Zealand (<5 years). The findings from this study further indicate that Korean migrants have not changed their traditional dietary habit to any great extent and that rice and kimchi still hold a prominent place in their diet. While the intakes of the study participants were generally similar to reported intakes from Korean and New Zealand national surveys, the intakes of some nutrients were intermediate in the study participants (Korean immigrants) between those of native Koreans and New Zealanders; intakes of calcium in migrant Koreans were lower than those of New Zealand women, but higher than native Koreans because of a significantly greater intake of dairy products. The risk associated with BMI is difficult to evaluate in this population group because of differences between Korean and New Zealand standards. The subjects had a much lower prevalence of obesity, measured by the BMI, according to the New Zealand (2%) compared to the Korean classification (24%) (p=0.005). Similarly, the subjects had a lower prevalence of increased disease risk, measured by waist circumference, according to the global classification (8%) compared to the Asian classification (24%) (p=0.029). However, almost half of all subjects fell into the 'at risk' group for WHR, suggesting that subjects may have more body fat in the upper body in relation to their body size. These findings suggest that appropriate ethnic-specific obesity indicators need to be developed to monitor anthropometric changes in migrant populations. The majority of subjects fell into the normal blood pressure range with only two hypertensive women in the study group. The findings from this study identified the areas of concern in nutrition and indicated the need for further research into this population. Furthermore, these results may be used to develop culturally appropriate nutrition education materials and programmes.
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    Beyond 'OK' : capturing the student wellbeing of Korean international students : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Educational Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2015) Park, Deborah
    Research on international students in New Zealand has found that they face multiple stressors during their sojourn. Currently there is a lack of research on the student wellbeing of very young international students, particularly research that includes their direct voices. This study explored what wellbeing meant to two Korean international students enrolled in a New Zealand primary school. The photovoice method of data collection was used, where the students took photographs of things in their school environment they felt made an important impact on their wellbeing. The students discussed the importance of these photographs during follow up interviews and a focus group. The themes that emerged were compared to the student wellbeing framework developed by the New Zealand Ministry of Education (Education Review Office, 2013b). This study found that wellbeing for the two participants meant being able to form new relationships in New Zealand while maintaining relationships with family in Korea, communicating effectively in English, having the necessary resources and materials to function well in their class, experiencing nature in their physical space, being physically well, having fun, and retaining access to aspects of their own culture. Practical ways that schools and home stay families can support the wellbeing of international students include providing stimulating learning environments, access to adequate language support, peer-pairing programs to encourage the formation of social networks with host-nationals and providing access cultural foods.
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    Korean female immigrants' lived experience with depression : a phenomenological study : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2002) Lee, Simon Seung Wook
    The aim of this study lies in describing and interpreting the meanings of Korean female immigrants' lived experience of depression. Depression is the most frequently occurring mental health diagnosis amongst immigrants. Waves of Korean immigrants have flocked to New Zealand for the last decade, and now the Korean language is the most common language after English in North Shore city. It is believed that a study on Korean female immigrants' mental health needs to be addressed by clinical professionals and mental health workers. Six Korean females who had lived for more than one year in New Zealand, and had once experienced depression were voluntarily selected and interviewed. The data was analysed by the following hermeneutic framework. The first chapter states the justification and impetus of the study, and the position of the researcher. It also contains an explanation about the focus and objectives of the study. The second chapter is dedicated to offering an opportunity to understand Korean culture in relation to the study's aim. The main social philosophy, religion, and norms are introduced to provide the reader with a better picture of Korean culture. The third chapter presents philosophical guidance for a hermeneutic study, and discusses how the framework has been applied to the study. The process of collecting and analyzing data and the ethical considerations that protect the participants' human rights and dignity are the main focus of this chapter. The findings section discusses four main themes which were classified to capture the core meaning of the participant's experiences. The last chapter discusses the limitations and recommendations that have emerged from the study. Notes Italics: The interview data from the study participants Names: Pseudonyms in Korean are used to protect the clients' anonymity. As English is not my first language, my proof readers, Emma and Leisa helped considerably to change my English into grammatically correct written English.
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    Tomorrow's schools : today's industry : economic agendas and competitive forces in global education : New Zealand and South Korea : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2014) Innes, Marilyn Joyce
    Over the last four decades, education has been moving away from being not just a national or state responsibility, but also a tradable commodity, with its design, funding, pedagogical content, and resourcing closely linked to trade and industry. This thesis posits that education industries in both New Zealand and South Korea are manifestations of the long-term effects of a global mantra of competition and economic trade agendas and/or policies that the United States of America, the World Bank, and the IMF have strategically developed and implemented since the 1980s. This competitive mantra has been influential in growing the ‘shadow’ education industry in South Korea that flourishes alongside the egalitarian state school-system deemed, to be in ‘crisis’ or ‘collapse’ since 1999. The result is societal pressure for Korean students to spend many hours of intensive after-school study at huge financial and social cost to families. A number of Korean parents have sent their young children abroad for educational sojourns since 1999, with many thousands being enrolled in New Zealand’s state schools as foreign fee-paying students (FFPS) and, thus, becoming part of New Zealand’s ‘billion-dollar’ export education industry. This thesis argues that further ‘shadow’ industry activity, particularly in the guise of public-private partnerships (PPPs), is increasingly being spread into the state-schooling sectors of countries, including New Zealand, that have accepted education policies and ‘good ideas’ from the World Bank and the OECD. Consequently the potential is high for there to be a surge of competition and credentialism that will facilitate further private investment in education and ultimately create similar pressures to those already experienced by Korean students. With New Zealand’s support of the WTO general agreement on trade in services (GATS), its continued participation in global tests, such as the OECD Programme for International Assessment (PISA), and legislation in place for charter schools and public-private partnerships, it appears that a restructuring of education or a global education reform movement is already well underway.