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Subject: search.filters.subject.Mastication -- Simulation methods

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    A robotic chewing device for food evaluation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Mechatronics at Massey University,
    (Massey University, 2006) Lewis, Darren
    The aim of this masters project was to design and develop a prototype of robotic chewing device. This project was required for use in food evaluation as it can provide standardised chewing. The chewing device was required to follow chewing trajectories of a human and apply the same forces that humans apply during chewing. This was achieved by the use of a robotic system that incorporated a mechanical linkage, supporting software and electronics to control it and therefore ensure correct operation. The mechanical linkage used is based on a four-bar linkage mechanism that can closely approximate human chewing trajectories. The linkage also has the ability to be adjusted to achieve a range of chewing trajectories for different food types. This is due to the fact that humans chew foods with different properties differently. The linkage is driven by a single DC motor that is controlled by a control card and a supervisory software program on a computer. This ensures that chewing is performed at the correct speed in the different phases of the chewing cycle and also provides all the necessary controls for operation of the device. Anatomically correct teeth were also used to help closely match the particle size reduction of the human system, while a food retention device was made to keep the food particles on the teeth while chewing.
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    A chewing robot based on parallel mechanism-- analysis and design : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Mechatronics at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2006) Pap, József-Sebastian
    Masticatory efficiency, dependent on number and condition of the teeth, length of time spent in chewing a bolus and the force exerted when chewing, influences an individual with the selection of food and therefore nutritionally diet. A characterisation of the masticatory efficiency could be possible with a chewing robot that simulates human chewing behaviours in a mechanically controllable way (Pap et al. 2005; Xu et al. 2005). This thesis describes such a chewing robot, developed from a biological basis in terms of jaw structure and muscles of mastication according to published articles. A six degrees of freedom parallel mechanism is proposed with the mandible as a moving platform, the skull as a fixed platform, and six actuators representing the main masticatory muscle groups, temporalis, masseter, and lateral pterygoid on the left and right side. Extensive simulations of inverse kinematics (i.e., generating muscular actuations with implementing recorded human trajectories) were conducted in SolidWorks and COSMOS/Motion to validate two mathematical models of the robot and to analyse kinematic properties. The research showed that selection of appropriate actuation systems, to achieve mandible movement space, velocity, acceleration, and chewing force, was the key challenge in successfully developing a chewing robot. Two custom designed actuation systems, for the six actuators, were developed and built. In the first approach, the muscle groups were presented as linear actuators, positioned so as to reproduce the resultant lines of action of the human muscles. However, with this design concept the spatial requirements specified from the human masticatory system made the physical building of the model impossible. The second approach used a crank mechanism based actuator. This concept did not allow a perfectly linear actuator movement that copied the muscle line of action. However, it was possible to fulfil the spatial requirements set by the human system and to allow reproduction of human chewing behaviours in relation to kinematic requirements and chewing force. The design, manufacture and testing of the entire chewing robot with crank actuators was then carried out. This included the implementation of realistic denture morphology, a mechanical jaw and the framework design for the whole system. In conclusion, this thesis research has developed successfully a mathematical and a physical robotic model. Future work on the control and sensing of the robot and design of a food retention system are required in order to fully functionalise the device.