Massey Documents by Type

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Importance of timely metadata curation to the global surveillance of genetic diversity
(Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology, 2023-08) Crandall ED; Toczydlowski RH; Liggins L; Holmes AE; Ghoojaei M; Gaither MR; Wham BE; Pritt AL; Noble C; Anderson TJ; Barton RL; Berg JT; Beskid SG; Delgado A; Farrell E; Himmelsbach N; Queeno SR; Trinh T; Weyand C; Bentley A; Deck J; Riginos C; Bradburd GS; Toonen RJ
Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies produce large amounts of genome-scale genetic diversity data for wild populations, but most (87%) do not include the associated spatial and temporal metadata necessary for them to be reused in monitoring programs or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous peoples. We undertook a distributed datathon to quantify the availability of these missing metadata and to test the hypothesis that their availability decays with time. We also worked to remediate missing metadata by extracting them from associated published papers, online repositories, and direct communication with authors. Starting with 848 candidate genomic data sets (reduced representation and whole genome) from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, we determined that 561 contained mostly samples from wild populations. We successfully restored spatiotemporal metadata for 78% of these 561 data sets (n = 440 data sets with data on 45,105 individuals from 762 species in 17 phyla). Examining papers and online repositories was much more fruitful than contacting 351 authors, who replied to our email requests 45% of the time. Overall, 23% of our email queries to authors unearthed useful metadata. The probability of retrieving spatiotemporal metadata declined significantly as age of the data set increased. There was a 13.5% yearly decrease in metadata associated with published papers or online repositories and up to a 22% yearly decrease in metadata that were only available from authors. This rapid decay in metadata availability, mirrored in studies of other types of biological data, should motivate swift updates to data-sharing policies and researcher practices to ensure that the valuable context provided by metadata is not lost to conservation science forever. Importancia de la curación oportuna de metadatos para la vigilancia mundial de ladiversidad genéticaResumen:La diversidad genética intraespecífica representa un nivel fundamental, pero ala vez subvalorado de la biodiversidad. La diversidad genética puede indicar la resilienciade una especie ante el clima cambiante, por lo que su medición es relevante para muchosobjetivos de la política de conservación mundial y nacional. Muchos estudios producenuna gran cantidad de datos sobre la diversidad a nivel genético de las poblaciones silvestres,aunque la mayoría (87%) no incluye los metadatos espaciales y temporales asociados paraque sean reutilizados en los programas de monitoreo o para reconocer la soberanía de lasnaciones o los pueblos indígenas. Realizamos un “datatón” distribuido para cuantificar ladisponibilidad de estos metadatos faltantes y para probar la hipótesis que supone que estadisponibilidad se deteriora con el tiempo. También trabajamos para reparar los metadatosfaltantes al extraerlos de los artículos asociados publicados, los repositorios en línea yla comunicación directa con los autores. Iniciamos con 838 candidatos de conjuntos dedatos genómicos (representación reducida y genoma completo) tomados de la colabo-ración internacional para la base de datos de secuencias de nucleótidos y determinamosque 561 incluían en su mayoría muestras tomadas de poblaciones silvestres. Restauramoscon éxito los metadatos espaciotemporales en el 78% de estos 561 conjuntos de datos (n=440 conjuntos de datos con información sobre 45,105 individuos de 762 especies en 17filos). El análisis de los artículos y los repositorios virtuales fue mucho más productivo quecontactar a los 351 autores, quienes tuvieron un 45% de respuesta a nuestros correos. Engeneral, el 23% de nuestras consultas descubrieron metadatos útiles. La probabilidad derecuperar metadatos espaciotemporales declinó de manera significativa conforme incre-mentó la antigüedad del conjunto de datos. Hubo una disminución anual del 13.5% enlos metadatos asociados con los artículos publicados y los repositorios virtuales y hastauna disminución anual del 22% en los metadatos que sólo estaban disponibles mediante lacomunicación con los autores. Este rápido deterioro en la disponibilidad de los metadatos,duplicado en estudios de otros tipos de datos biológicos, debería motivar la pronta actual-ización de las políticas del intercambio de datos y las prácticas de los investigadores paraasegurar que en las ciencias de la conservación no se pierda para siempre el contexto valiosoproporcionado por los metadatos.
Learning object metadata interchange mechanism : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Information Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2005) Zhang, Yuejun
In spite of the current lack of conceptual clarity in the multiple definitions and uses, the term learning objects is still frequently used in content creation and aggregation in the online-learning field. In the mean time, considerable efforts have been initiated in the past few years for the standardization of metadata elements for consistent description of learning objects, so that learning objects can be identified, searched and retrieved effectively and efficiently across multiple contexts. However, there are currently a large number of standardization bodies and an even much larger number of ongoing standard initiatives in the learning field, and different learning objects repositories are likely to apply different metadata schemas to meet the specific needs of their intended communities. An interchange mechanism for the conversion between various metadata schemas, therefore, becomes necessary for intensive interoperability. In this thesis, we first make a brief introduction to the concept learning objects, then the term metadata, followed by a description of the functional requirements of learning objects. the purposes of metadata, and the importance of metadata for learning objects. After that, this thesis investigates metadata schemas in various fields in general, focused on several mainstream metadata specifications developed for learning objects in particular. The differences among these metadata schemas for learning objects are analyzed and a mapping between their elements is identified. On the basis of literature review, a framework for interchange of metadata schemas is proposed and a prototype to demonstrate the functionalities of the framework is developed. For the high scalability and the high accuracy of the developed system, a so-called LOM-intermediated approach is suggested, and a so-called dynamic-database methodology is adopted. The LOM- intermediated approach significantly simplifies the metadata mapping issues by undertaking the schema-schema mapping in a way of schema-LOM-schema mapping, while the dynamic-database methodology effectively prevents any data-loss resulting as a by-product from the use of LOM-intermediated approach. The prototype currently generates and outputs XML metadata in IMS, EdNA, Dublin Core and LOM. It is a web- based three-tier architecture, using Java technologies for implementation, MySQL as the database server and JDBC for database access.
Hypervideo : interface design for collaborative documentaries : exegesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the Master of Design at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2014) Turnidge, Tim
Hypervideo is developed in response to the collaborative mobile-mentary 24 Frames 24 Hours. Through practice-led research an online interface is designed that creates a dynamic remix of user submitted and workshop generated videos. By means of leveraging contemporary web technologies such as APIs, metadata and video databases the interface presents an interactive documentary as a way of exploring innovative possibilities of web 2.0. The interface facilitates a unique viewing experience, which encourages new ways of experiencing and inspires the creation of mobile movies. This interactive documentary film form is influenced by Soft Cinema (Manovich, 2002) and the Korsakow system (Thalhofer, 2000). The interface is developed through an iterative design process in response to the emerging significance of metadata in online viewing formats and the vertical/horizontal video design problem.

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