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    Enhancing multi-hazard resilience to tsunami through evacuation simulation : a case study of Napier City : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Construction Management, School of Built Environment, Massey University, New Zealand. EMBARGOED to 11 July 2026.
    (Massey University, 2023-09-12) Fathianpour, Azin
    Climate change has intensified the risk of natural hazards, especially tsunamis. This fact has led emergency management decision-makers to question their emergency planning and make coastal cities resilient. Evacuation has been identified as the best course of action in response to tsunamis. Regarding tsunamis, a resilient city must have a resilient evacuation plan. An evacuation plan can be called resilient once all the related infrastructures are resilient and people know how to use them. Based on the literature, simulation has been identified as a reliable source of assessing the resiliency level of infrastructure. Therefore, this doctoral thesis aims to create an evacuation simulation tool that evaluates the resilience of evacuation infrastructure. Recognising the importance of understanding the resilience of the evacuation process in terms of disaster management, current research and practice continually highlight the significance of simulation outputs concerning tsunami responses. Previous evacuation simulation tools primarily focused on monitoring pedestrian movements, neglecting interactions between pedestrians and vehicles. Furthermore, many studies did not consider factors related to human behaviour and decision-making during crises. This study aims to provide fresh insights into evacuation management by incorporating multiple behavioural and spatial factors into the simulation. The outcomes of this research generated realistic evacuation simulation results and translated them into policy and planning protocols.
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    Understanding residents’ capacities to support evacuated populations : A study of earthquake and tsunami evacuation for Napier Hill, Napier, Aotearoa New Zealand.
    (Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University, 2019-12-19) Payne B; Becker J; Kaiser L
    Due to a large regional subduction zone (the Hikurangi subduction zone) and localised faults, Napier City located on the East Coast of Aotearoa/New Zealand is vulnerable to earthquake and tsunami events. On feeling a long or strong earthquake people will need to evacuate immediately inland or to higher ground to avoid being impacted by a tsunami, of which the first waves could start to arrive within 20 minutes (based on the Hikurangi earthquake and tsunami scenario presented in Power et al., 2018). Napier Hill is one such area of higher land, and it is estimated that up to 12,000 people could evacuate there in the 20 minutes following a long or strong earthquake. To understand the capacity of Napier Hill residents to support evacuees, three focus groups were held with a diverse sample of residents from Napier Hill on 21 and 22 July 2019. A follow up email was sent to all participants a week after the focus groups, containing a link to a short six question survey, which was completed by 68 people, most of whom were additional to the focus group attendees. Data from the focus groups and the survey was analysed qualitatively using thematic analysis. The findings highlight that in general people were happy to host evacuees and offer support if they were in a position to do so. However, key issues in being able to offer support included the likely lack of resources available after a disaster, ranging from basic needs though to agency support. The research findings will directly inform Napier City Council and Hawke’s Bay Civil Defence Emergency Management Group’s planning for future readiness and response by providing valuable insights for evacuation planning
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    Exploring the Art of Deco : transforming cityscape and bodyscape : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Studies in Marketing at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2022) Jackson, Victoria
    In an increasingly saturated ‘experience’ market, immersive events have risen in popularity. The attractiveness of immersive events to tourists revolves around the intimate people-event relationship, centering the tourist as a participant, as opposed to a spectator. By assuming a participant role, tourists are now known as co-producers, responsible for co-creating their own touristic experiences. This study examines the immersive and co-creative experience of attending the Napier Art Deco Festival, embedded in the narratives of the festival attendees. Specific to the Napier Art Deco Festival, this event demonstrates a strong sense of place, characterised by an intimate people-event-place relationship. An in-depth, semi-structured interview strategy was adopted for this study. The findings depicted two transformative processes that occur during the festival period. Firstly, elements of the cityscape, including tangible and intangible, were orchestrated to offer a cityscape transformation. Secondly, the tourists similarly manufactured their bodyscapes, using material culture, to experience a transformation of the bodyscape. Overall, the Napier Art Deco Festival facilitated a site where these two transformations could occur simultaneously, offering an enhanced and co-creative experience for the festival attendees. The complex interplay of the two transformations produced five elements including place dependence, mass orchestration, collectiveness, consumption experience, and the multi-sensory nature. These elements enhanced the immersive festival experience. The findings identify the festival offered a desirable lifestyle for its attendees, with escaping and seeking opportunities being identified as motivators of attendance. This thesis provides helpful insights for site managers to guide experience design, execution, and interpretation of co-creative immersive events.
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    Planning Napier 1850-1968 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Planning at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2012) Annabell, John Barry
    In the context of New Zealand planning history, planning can be seen in two forms. Informal planning describes planning-related activities already taking place before the establishment of formal town planning in the early 20th century. Formal planning describes planning activities based on legislation, a developing body of knowledge, and a planning profession. Whether informal or formal, planning has been concerned with the arrangement and control of activities in space, with the objective of creating a better living environment. For Napier, a provincial centre, the influence of planning on the growth and development of the town is discussed in terms of four principal themes, covering the period from the birth of the town in the 1850s until 1968. These themes are reclamation, reconstruction, suburban growth, and place promotion/civic improvement. Reclamation planning was important, given that the original town was almost totally surrounded by sea or swamp, with insufficient land for future expansion. A major earthquake in 1931 destroyed the business area of Napier, but helped solve the expansion problem by raising the level of land so that reclamation became easier or was now unnecessary. From the 1930s to the 1960s, new suburbs were planned and developed as single entities. Throughout its existence, the Napier Borough/City Council endeavoured to promote growth and improve town amenities. From about 1900, tourism became an increasing interest. The planning associated with each of these themes was largely informal, with the focus on project and development planning. This is not surprising, given that legislation creating the need for formal planning was not enacted until 1926. The informal planning undertaken involved liaison among public authorities, particularly the Council, the Harbour Board, and the neighbouring County Council. While the earthquake provided Napier with an opportunity to create a town that might have been fully planned under the new planning legislation, the Commissioners, who assumed control of Napier affairs for two years, opted to introduce a partial town planning scheme only. This set a precedent so that future town planning schemes were initially developed on a sectional basis, with the town not becoming fully covered until the 1960s.
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    Senior citizens? : old age and citizenship in provincial New Zealand communities : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, Massey University
    (Massey University, 2002) Kerr, Alison Lassie
    This research considers the extent and quality of the citizenship of older New Zealanders in the "Third Age", a stage in the adult life cycle between the second age of careers, partnership and parenting and the fourth and final phase of (usually) increasing dependency. The study questions: whether 'senior citizens' have access to the material and cultural resources to enable them to choose between different courses of action in their daily lives; whether existing intergenerational relations enable them to appropriate substantive rights and responsibilities; and what are the relational practices and processes, the networks and affiliations, through which citizenship may be 'performed' by older people? This research was carried out with six groups of elderly people in a range of communities in the province of Hawke's Bay on the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The purpose of running six different focus groups, each over a six week period, was to generate discussion of the issues for older people as well as individual stories about the lives of elderly people in particular local communities. The aim was to investigate the meaning of old age for elderly New Zealanders by critically analysing the term 'senior citizen'. The study built on contemporary theories of ageing and citizenship, using a narrative collective life history approach in order to focus on older people's personal experience of policy, and the capacity for citizenship that they bring with them into old age. The study also identifies national and local government policies, national and local organisations, media representations of old age, local communities, families and the attitudes of elderly people themselves as important influences on the extent to which they are able to exercise and enjoy their rights and responsibilities as senior citizens. My central thesis is that senior citizenship depends on a civil society which supports autonomy and connectedness for all its citizens. The balance between these two aspects of citizenship is culturally determined and sensitive to outcomes in a range of social domains over the life span. Recommendations focus on self-determination and social inclusion for older people through anti-ageist policies and practices at the national and the local level, and further research into the plans and aspirations of senior citizens.