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    From international conventions to local park management plans : an analysis of the vertical integrity of Zambia's national park system : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Management at Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) Mwape, Ackim
    National parks, particularly in the Global South, are struggling to achieve their economic, ecological, and socio-cultural objectives and their sustainability is now in question. The challenges faced by national parks cross jurisdictional boundaries, cutting through vertical tiers of governance, from supranational organisations, via national governments, to sub-national entities. Given this complexity, it is extremely challenging to make system-wide improvements. Sustainable national park management requires whole-of-government approaches and policy consistency across different governance levels. Aligned policy frameworks are essential for achieving consistency, driving collaboration, and, ultimately, coherence where subnational actors work together with other actors to achieve common goals towards global challenges. Examining the alignment of policies used across the different governance levels could provide information to help improve sustainable national park management. This study focuses on Zambia’s national park laws, policies, plans, and reports, and particularly how these align with international principles for national park management. Thematic content analysis is used to examine how a set of IUCN national park management principles are considered in Zambia’s national park legislation, policies, plans, and reports. The results reveal wide variation in the extent to which Zambia’s national park laws, policies, plans, and reports reflect the IUCN principles. They highlight isolated outcomes of positive alignment with the IUCN principles both at national and local level, amidst a general picture of uneven support for the IUCN principles. This is because international principles are introduced, or interpreted, contingent on specific local conditions, making it difficult for policymakers to develop local policies that mirror global policy models. A balance between the respect for international principles and an understanding and appreciation of the local context thus appears to be a way for strengthening policy linkages between the global and local. International and local level policymakers retain an important responsibility in this regard.
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    Overnight facility use in the Tongariro Northern Circuit : a thesis submitted to the Institute of Information Sciences and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Statistics at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2002) Olsen, David
    The Tongariro Northern Circuit is located in the central North Island on the volcanic plateau, and encompasses both Mt Ngauruhoe and Mt Tongariro. The Circuit has high day and overnight use during the summer season and has been classified as a Great Walk by the Department of Conservation who administer it. This thesis focuses on the summer season use of the overnight facilities on the Tongariro Northern Circuit (TNC) with the intention of providing DoC Management with an accurate and detailed profile of users, the factors that influence use and the problems being generated by it. • Profile of users: This describes who uses the facilities, when they are used, the tracks and directions predominantly used and methods of transportation to and from the Circuit. • Factors influencing use: These include the time of year and week, the weather and the effect of weather forecasts. • Problems: Congestion in huts is discussed, including the related hut design flaws. The thesis makes comparisons with information gathered seven years ago and identifies the changes in the both the user groups and their preferred routes within the Circuit. The profile of the New Zealand users as a group differs significantly from that of international users. These differences are explored. Two models are presented that account for about 80% of the variation in the highly fluctuating overnight use. These models also estimate the effects of weather on use. Three main sources of data have been used in this thesis. They include a survey that was designed specifically—the full process of gaining approval, creating and running the Tongariro Northern Circuit 2000/1 summer survey is presented along with the results. The other two main sources of data include the Great Walks pass butts and the hut wardens' observations of use.
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    Tawharanui Regional Park open sanctuary visitor survey : a study of visitor characteristics, their knowledge of and attitudes towards the proposed open sanctuary : a 152.800 thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Management at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2002) Cooke, Wendell Humarire
    The loss of biodiversity has been described as the most pervasive environmental threat facing New Zealand today. The significant historical losses of native flora and fauna, and ongoing losses which continue to occur, are being addressed through ecological restoration efforts carried out on offshore islands, and on the mainland ('mainland islands' or 'open sanctuaries'). Such restoration projects aim to restore native habitat and populations of indigenous species through targeting the biggest threat to our native species' survival: introduced pests such as possums, rats, mustelids and others. For conservation efforts such as mainland islands to succeed in the long term, having community understanding and support is invaluable. It is becoming more and more recognised that these 'social' aspects to conservation are as important as their biological counterparts. Research in this area is known as Human Dimensions Research, which is designed to not only educate and inform, but also to allow stakeholders and resource managers the opportunity for dialogue and understanding. The Tawharanui Open Sanctuary Visitor Survey was research designed on this basis, to ascertain what visitors to the park knew about the proposed open sanctuary at Tawharanui, and to gauge their level of understanding and attitude towards it. In addition, relative levels of support for the pest control methods proposed were investigated. The survey method involved 302 structured face-to-face interviews carried out over a six-week period. The results showed that only a small percentage of visitors to Tawharanui knew about the plans for the open sanctuary, but that a vast majority supported the proposal. A number of useful trends were identified, such as the result that although people supported the proposed open sanctuary at Tawharanui, their support appeared to be reliant upon the continued open access to Tawharanui and freedom for recreational activities. Secondly, visitors to Tawharanui appeared to be relatively uninformed about conservation issues, thus the need for education about and advocacy for conservation, in particular the open sanctuary, was recognised. In addition, people's concerns about aspects of the proposal were also highlighted. These included a fear by some that the open sanctuary would attract greater numbers of visitors to the park, which might negatively impact upon the scenic nature and feeling of remoteness that many visitors go to Tawharanui to enjoy. A further concern identified was the strong aversion in a large segment of the population towards aerial drops as a means of pest control. This result also signifies the need for a greater focus on educating the public about conservation, and the methods employed for reaching those objectives.
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    The private sector and Gunung Rinjani National Park : an examination of tourism's contribution to development : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2008) Japardy, Paulina
    Tourism, as a tool of community development, has been utilised in Indonesia since the early development of protected areas. On the island of Lombok, Gunung Rinjani National Park (GRNP), the private sector businesses in major are involved in trekking, which is the only tourism product developed inside the park. However, the benefits arising from tourism in GRNP have not reached many of the poor living in the surrounding areas of the park, and tourism contributions to conservation of the natural resources have not been maximised. This thesis seeks to find out more about private sector roles and involvement in development, through research on trekking businesses operating in GRNP. Thus, the main research question explored in this thesis is: How can Lombok trekking organisers deliver more benefits to the conservation of Gunung Rinjani National Park (GRNP) and local community development? This research showed that tourism business players are currently ignoring social values when making business decisions about operations in GRNP. In addition, the government is reluctant to associate poverty alleviation with tourism. Businesses and government alike are mainly focussed on increasing tourism flows to Lombok. This research also highlighted that the concept of using tourism for poverty elimination is still a 'foreign' idea to those involved in the development of GRNP tourism sector. If tourism is to contribute more to development, then the willingness of the local economic players to enable tourism linkages is crucial. Lombok tourism planners would be well advised to concentrate on strengthening tourism's multiplier effects, by building direct and indirect links with various development sectors. These efforts, of course, require an enabling environment of supporting government policies, so that harmonious economical, social and environmental benefits could be delivered.
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    Recreational resource management : Kapiti Island, a New Zealand case study of visitor usage, and perception: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1978) Hook, Trevor
    This study was undertaken as a requirement for completion of a Master of Arts in Geography. My thanks go to the Geography Department Massey University, especially Professor K. Thompson, Dr. R. Le Heron and Mr. E. Warr for their valuable guidance throughout this research period. The topic of research also had the support of Lands and Survey Department, Wellington. People of the Lands and Survey Department in both the local District and the Head Office in Wellington were very co-operative, and permission was obtained to run a questionnaire for permit-holders visiting Kapiti Island. Great assistance was offered by both Mr. Bruce Tubb (Head Office, Wellington), and Mr. G.A. Turner, (Senior Planning Officer, Wellington Regional Office). Special thanks go to the Ranger and his family Mr and Mrs P. Daniel, who live on Kapiti Island for their assistance and support throughout the Survey period.