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Item Clearing the ground : historical sociology and the State in Aotearoa/New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology at Massey University(Massey University, 1995) Speight, Emma KatharineThis thesis attempts to "clear the ground" for the socio-historical study of the state in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The rationale for this type of reflexive or "meta-level" study is a) that the existing substantive literature remains somewhat under-theorised, and b) that the complexity of current sociological debates is such as to perhaps raise doubts about their applicability to concrete social formations. In this work, I try to develop a critical pathway through some of these problematic theoretical areas, showing how in spite of their considerable complexity, there are ways of coherently and usefully managing the general issues. In that spirit of optimism, I go on to develop ideas about how my preferred theoretical perspectives might be "applied" within the context of New Zealand history. The study has three main phases. Initially, I map the field of historical sociology, indicating my preference for a realist philosophical basis and a critical-pluralist theoretical approach. Then I tackle some of the key definitional and analytic questions around "the state" as a domain of study for the historical sociologist. Surveying the debate between society-centred and state-centred approaches, and between monocausal and pluralist explanatory frameworks, I articulate a neo-Gramscian model of analysis derived from the work of Stuart Hall and Bill Schwarz. Finally, taking elements of this model into my own field of empirical and political interest, I show, using a selection of existing analytical texts on the history of Aotearoa/New Zealand, how this preferred perspective can provide an improved overview of state formation in this country. It also, I hope, contributes to the impetus of post-colonial reflection on our political past and future.Item Woodville : genesis of a bush frontier community, 1874-1887 : the process of settlement and organisation on a New Zealand frontier : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University(Massey University, 1973) Shaffer, Raymond JosephThe object of this work is summarised in its title: genesis of a bush frontier community. Each component of the title does not merely represent a word, but a concept. "Genesis" denotes notions of birth and growth, and in this context it is applied to the processes and interaction involved in the transition from frontier in 1874 to establishment in 1887. Although "Bush" contains the obvious geographical connotations associated with the Seventy-Mile Bush, during the course of the study it also assumes an ideological meaning, depicting the type of settler, his tasks, goals and aspirations. The concept "frontier", which is dealt in detail elsewhere, See 1-4 below. implies a meaning of place, process and time. "Community" in this context points to the process of community formation, containing the essential prerequisites of belonging to a distinctive community, with regularised patterns of interaction, a recognised system of authority, and a shared set of mutual expectations. W.R. Burch Jr, "The Nature of Community" in John Forster, (ed.), Social Process in New Zealand (Auckland, 1969), 85. This is a social history in the broadest sense: the sociological implications of community growth are set within a political, economic, administrative, legal and cultural context, providing the study with a suitable framework in order to reassemble the community's history. In brief, this essay attempts to analyse the dynamics and mechanics of the complex patterns, processes and interaction involved in the settlement of a bush frontier community, tracing its development from infancy through to late adolescence and early maturity.Item John Bryce, 1834-1913 : the white charger : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2015) Cooke, MoyraIn this thesis I have examined the life of Hon. John Bryce, Native and Defence Minister in the Hall Ministry of 1879-‐82, and Native Minister from 1882 to 1885. Bryce is an important, but substantially unstudied, figure in New Zealand history, who briefly rides his white charger into other people’s stories and then, just as briefly, out again. Accordingly, there are few secondary sources on him, apart from those that cover the two White Charger episodes in his life, the attack at Handley’s Woolshed and the invasion of Parihaka. Of necessity primary sources have played a major part in the research, reports of New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives, reports from contemporary newspapers through Papers Past, Waitangi Tribunal Reports, the diary Bryce kept in London in1886, William Rolleston’s diary and correspondence accessed through the Alexander Turnbull Library helped to present a fuller picture of the subject, along with the few available secondary sources. Bryce was a controversial, though respected, figure in his own time, and as mores and attitudes have changed in the century since his death, particularly with reference to race relations, he has been increasingly ‘traduced’ (a word Bryce used, meaning misrepresented), and condemned. To understand Bryce’s perceived ambivalence or hostility towards Maori, this thesis looks at his early life as an immigrant and settler in Wanganui, where events transpired that created lasting impressions and influenced his later responses. The thesis was written chronologically from the time of Bryce’s arrival in New Zealand in 1840, and covers his service with the Kai Iwi Cavalry during Titokowaru’s War, his role as a Wanganui and national politician, his time as Native Minister and a Member of the House of Representatives, until his retirement from politics in 1891. This shows that though Parihaka was an important part of his political life, it did not define or limit his contribution to 19th century politics in New Zealand.Item Some thoughts on R. J. Seddon and the emergence of New Zealand patterns of identitiy : thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University(Massey University, 1973) Thom, StuartThis thesis is a study of the way in which the colonists who sparsely populated the isolated colony of New Zealand during the latter half of the nineteenth century viewed themselves and the society which was developing around them. The colonists were predominantly of British origin and while their migration from Great Britain implied a partial rejection of British society, this was probably tempered by an enhanced loyalty to the British nation state. This loyalty was born of their realisation that the society they were creating was dependent upon its political, economic and military power. But Great Britain was a distant source of protection and the British authorities were often unresponsive to the demands of colonists made over-anxious by the apparent vulnerability of their colony to numerous threats. Fears arising from the isolation and the smallness of their community seem a constant undercurrent in the attitudes of the colonists towards themselves and the world. In the first instance therefore, the realisation of dependence upon Great Britain, and the colonists' British origins seem to have encouraged them to emphasise their Anglo-Saxon solidarity. They did this by their loyalty to the British nation state and by asserting their innate "racial" superiority to other ethnic groups who appeared to threaten them. These attitudes were probably strengthened by difficult communications within New Zealand. The colony was a land of forbidding relief and by 1870 there were only a few poorly constructed roads. Practically no railway track had been laid and coastal shipping, often the quickest and the most reliable means of transport, was still very slow and often haphazard in its operation.Item Hokianga native schools, 1871-1900 : assimilation reconsidered : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University(Massey University, 2002) Duffy, Simon MThe Native Schools have an ambiguous place in New Zealand history. As an organ of the Pakeha state situated in Maori communities with an overt aim of assimilating Maori to European cultural habits, they have every appearance of a tool of oppression. To Ranginui Walker, in Struggle Without End, they were a potent weapon in the armoury of the coloniser. The Native Schools system evolved through various manifestations from George Grey's Education Ordinance of 1847 through to the 1867 Native Schools Act, but had little impact until given impetus by Donald McLean in the early 1870s. For McLean, a critic of the Government's handling of the Taranaki and Waikato campaigns, education was preferable to warfare as a method for tackling Maori resistance to colonisation and settlement. Since the 1950s, accounts have criticised the assimilationist goal of the schools, and in particular their role in the suppression of the Maori language. Did Maori accept the precepts of assimilation? Why would Maori collude in their own oppression? They must have either understood assimilation to be something other than an arm of imperialist domination, as it is portrayed by Walker, or there must have been alternative reasons for supporting the schools and seeking European education. This thesis will explore alternative explanations for the Native Schools, and especially the question of why Maori supported Native Schools in the nineteenth century. Two principal hypotheses are discussed. The first reviews an argument made first by John Barrington, that Maori recognised a need to acquire the English language, in order to participate .more effectively in Pakeha dominated economy and political institutions. This is set alongside Ann Parsonson's argument that Maori society was characterised by competition for mana, to give a broad view of the location of Native Schools within the changing authority structures of late nineteenth-century Maori society. The second hypothesis is that Maori, through the experierice of high mortality since the 1850s and the ongoing experience of epidemics, had come to accept the precepts of the fatal impact thesis. This held that Maori were a 'dying race', which could only be saved through the intervention of Pakeha medicine, the acceptance of Pakeha cultural habits of dress, hygiene, housing and nutrition, and through participation in the Pakeha economy. To what extent did Maori accept assimilation, through the language of fatal impact? (From Introduction)Item The Department of Maori Affairs housing programme, 1935-1967 : a thesis presented in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in history at Massey University(Massey University, 1990) Krivan, MarkThe Department of Maori Affairs housing programme was established in the 1930s through the Maori Housing Act (1935) and the Maori Housing Amendment Act (1938). A special housing programme was required because a large proportion of the Maori population lived in 'deplorable' housing conditions, and it was'... impossible for the average Maori to finance a new home'1 1. J M McEwen, 'Urbanisation and the Multi-Racial Society', in R H Brookes and I H Kawharu (eds.), Administration in New Zealand's Multi-Racial Society (Wellington, 1967), p. 76. through lending institutions because they could provide neither security nor regular payments. The purposes of this study are twofold. First, to examine successive governments' Maori housing policies in the period 1935 to 1967, and discuss how these were implemented by the Department of Maori Affairs. Second, to assess their effectiveness as a provider of housing for the Maori population.Item Ngā rīwai Māori = Māori potatoes : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Ethnobotany at Massey University(Massey University, 2001) Harris, Graham FIt is generally accepted by scholars, that potatoes were first introduced to New Zealand in the late 18th century by Captain James Cook and the French explorer, Marion du Fresne. Further introductions of potatoes from a variety of sources, including possible direct introductions from South America, followed into the 19th century. Māori were quick to recognise the advantages that these new introductions had over their traditional food crops including kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and taro (Colocasia esculentum) both of which they introduced from east Polynesia some 800-1000 years previously. Potatoes soon became a staple item in the Māori diet and an important trade commodity, and by the mid 19th century they were growing thousands of hectares of potatoes for that purpose. The various cultivars that were introduced were given Māori names and many of these early types are still grown by Māori today, having been passed down through families for many generations. With their deep set eyes, often knobbly irregular shape, "open" leaves and colourful tubers these "Māori Potatoes" are quite distinctive in appearance from modern potatoes and some retain many of the features of Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena types. This thesis introduces a brief history of the development of the potato in South America and in Europe prior to its introduction to New Zealand and adoption by Māori. The effects and consequences that the potato had on Māori society are investigated and Māori potato production techniques and associated cultural operations such as storage methods are examined. Relict potato cultivars still grown today by Māori communities and individuals are described from observations made by the author of a cultivar collection maintained over several years. The claim by some Māori that potatoes were introduced to Aotearoa by their ancestors is examined and evidence is presented to indicate the possibility that several potato cultivars were developed by Māori by selection from seedlings and somatic mutations from cultivars introduced by Europeans. Key words: Māori potato, relict potatoes, riwai, Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena, foliar index.Item Christianity and community : aspects of religious life and attitudes in the Wanganui-Manawatu region, 1870-1885 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University(Massey University, 1995) Troughton, Geoffrey MAt the turn of the twentieth century, Andre Siegfried, a visiting observer, commented that 'No tradition has remained so strong in New Zealand as the religious one'. This, he felt, was decisively proved by the newspapers in which 'every New Zealand editor must be able on occasion to take up his good theological pen and discuss in a leading article transubstantiation, the rights of the established church, or the legality of ritualism'.1 1 Andre Siegfried, Democracy in New Zealand, (London, 1914 [2nd edition, 1982]), p.310. These comments could have equally applied twenty or thirty years earlier, for similar conditions existed at that time. A century from then, however, the place of ecclesiastical news occupies a much less prominent place in most newspapers. The weekly activities of the churches are seldom a subject of note, and issues of religious interest are more likely to occupy space in the correspondence pages than in reporting of public life. Topics addressed more frequently concern morality than church life, and the aptitude of the editor's theological pen has noticeably diminished. Similarly, in ihe writing of New Zealand history, the historian's pen has often run dry when it comes to appreciating what Laurie Barber terms 'the religious dimension in New Zealand's history'.2 2 L.H. Barber, 'The Religious Dimension in New Zealand's History', in Religion in New Zealand Society, (eds) Brian Colless and Peter Donovan (Palmerston North, 1980), pp.15-29. In 1994, Jane Simpson commented that 'The standard general histories of New Zealand written from the late 1950s have dismissed religion altogether, restricted the consideration of its impact to the missionary period, or trivialised its influence'.3 3 Jane Simpson, 'Women, Religion and Society in New Zealand: A Literature Revie', Journal of Religious History, vol.18 no.2 (1994), pl98. This pattern has been evident in other influential works in our historiography.Item The imprisonment of women in New Zealand 1840 - to the present day : a social and historical perspective : a thesis presented as partial fulfilment of a Master of Social Work, Massey University(Massey University, 1997) Taylor, AnnabelThis dissertation examines women's imprisonment in New Zealand from 1840 to the present day. It describes the major developments in penal reform in New Zealand during this period from the perspective of their impact on women's imprisonment. Women's imprisonment, while subject to the same legislative reform as that of men's prisons, has in addition been affected by societal attitudes towards women and their social status. Prison regimes for women have consistently been more punitive, less reformative and less well resourced than that provided for men. While some differential treatment can be attributed to the low numerical representation of women, perceptions about their criminality, their femininity, their class and ethnicity have determined their treatment. Whilst the major developments in gender equity during the latter part of the twentieth century have advanced the situation of women, women in prison have remained largely unaffected by them and more likely to be the objects of patriarchal power and decision-making. The situation of mothers and their dependent children remains unsatisfactory and subject to the whims of penal policy-makers and administrators. The position of Maori women, who are significantly over-represented in the prison population, has been overlooked by mono-cultural structures and processes in the criminal justice system. Recent developments in penal policy and the regulatory environment of prisons pertaining to women specifically, indicate that administrators and some prison managers have made attempts to address some of the major issues for women's imprisonment in limited ways.Item The pensioner settlements: a thesis presented for the degree of Master of Arts in History(Massey University, 1954) Gillespie, G. G.This thesis is the history of an experiment in colonisation which was also an experiment in colonial defence - the settlement of the Royal New Zealand Fencibles in a series of villages just south of the city of Auckland, then the seat of government of this country. It does not attempt to cover any clearly delineated period, for it is the history of the fencible corps from the tine it was envisaged until the time when the pensioners had become absorbed into colonial society; and although the inception can be dated accurately enough - at 1846 - the process of absorption cannot be said to have ended at any given time. Nor does the writer claim for it any particular line of approach or point of view. It is simply a study of the settlements over a decade or so at the end of which certain conclusions emerge on the importance of the scheme and the degree of its success.