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    The effects of defoliation and rootpruning on cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass and the influence of soil moisture on root initiation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Field Husbandry, University of New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1949) Edmond, D. B.
    The world is short of food (1). The population of the world is unequally distributed in relation to the productive ability of the land. Countries, where an extension of the farmed area is possible, are handicapped by a lack of available labour. In general these are the countries where production has not, as yet, reached a maximum level. As labour hinders extension an endeavour must be made to utilise present farm areas in the most efficient manner possible, In this way surpluses of food may be accumulated in these countries, e.g. New Zealand, for despatch to needy areas where the consumption of food is at a low level. New Zealand produces animal products in quantity. To increase this quantity better use must be made of our chief stock food - grass. By more efficient use of our grasslands the production of our existing herds and flocks will be increased. while an increase in our animal population will be inevitable. [From Introduction]
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    A study of some fungal leafspot diseases of Dactylis glomerata in the Manawatu : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in the University of New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1957) Latch, G. C. M.
    New Zealand is unique in that the entire basis of her national economy is based upon livestock-pastoral farming. Of the fortythree million acres in occupation for agricultural and pastoral purposes, seventeen and a half million are of sown pasture and about thirteen and a half million of natural grasslands. The seventeen and a half million acres of sown pasture are down in imported grasses of which approximately one half has been surface sown and the remainder sown on cultivated land with high producing English grasses. These have been selected for such qualities as leaf area and density of leaves, form of the plant, resistance to drought and many other desirable agronomic properties. Regarding the disease factor, there has been no attempt in New Zealand at breeding for resistance to disease with the exception of Blind seed disease of Ryegrass caused by Gloeotinia temulenta (Prill. et Delacr.) Wilson, Noble et Gray. [From Introduction]
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    Effect of cultivar, time of sowing and fungicide application on seed yield of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Plant Science in Seed Technology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1995) Wilson, Sonya M
    Three New Zealand (Grasslands Wana, Grasslands Kara, Grasslands Tekapo) and two Japanese (Akimidori, Makibamidori) cocksfoot cultivars were sown in spring (23 September 1991) and again the following autumn (6 April 1992) at AgResearch Grassland's Aorangi Research Farm in the Manawatu. Seed was sown at 3 kg/ha with a 30 cm row spacing. Plot size was 1.2 x 3.0 m2, with each plot containing 4 rows. A randomised block design was utilised with 8 replicates of each cultivar for each sowing time. For each cultivar and sowing time four of the eight replicates were sprayed with propiconazole (125 g a.i/ha) on 17 November 1992 and 8 December 1992. Spring sowings outyielded autumn sowings by 150 to 482 kg/ha depending on cultivar The ability of the spring sown cultivars to outproduce autumn sown cultivars was due largely to their ability to produce a greater number of fertile tillers. Autumn sown cultivars failed to produce a large number of fertile tillers which lead to a reduced potential seed yield. This was further exaserbated by the fact that the floret site utilisation (FSU) of the autumn sown cultivars was lower than that of the spring sown cultivars. Cultivar Wana was the only cultivar able to produce a reasonable number of fertile tillers following autumn sowing. It was also able to double the number of florets/tiller compared to that of spring sown cv Wana, thus allowing it to produce a reasonable seed yield. Cultivar Wana produced 557 kg seed/ha from the autumn sowing, and cv. Tekapo 244 kg seed/ha, but yields for the other three cultivars were less than 100 kg/ha following autumn sowing. Spring sowing produced pure seed yields of 707, 566, 593, 383 and 307 kg/ha for cv. Wana, Tekapo, Kara, Akimidori and Makibamidori respectively. Apart from cv Wana, fungicide application to autumn sown plots did not significantly increase seed yield, and similarly no differences were recorded for spring sown cv Akimidori and Makibamidori. However fungicide application significantly increased seed yieid in cv Wana, Kara and Tekapo, the increases being 521 (+ 74%), 119 (+ 21%) and 564 (+ 95%) kg/ha respectively, even though the incidences of fungal pathogens was less than 1%. These seed yield increases were due to an increase in the green area of the leaves and stem. In cv Wana and Tekapo there was also a significant increase in FSU due to the application of fungicide. Following harvest stubble was removed and the area retained for another year and subsequent harvest. As the effects of time of sowing were considered no longer significant, the trial was run as one block of 80 plots, thus giving 16 replicates of each cultivar. For each cultivar, four replicates received one of four different fungicide (188 g ai/ha of terbuconazole) treatments; a nil application, one application at approximately 10% ear emergence, one application at approximately 10% car emergence followed by another at early anthesis and one application at early anthesis followed by one post anthesis (10 days after full anthesis). In the absence of fungicide pure seed yields produced were 1133, 1208, 915, 556 and 671 kg/ha for cv. Wana, Kara, Tekapo, Makibamidori and Akimidori respectively. Although once again the incidence of fungal pathogens was less than 1%, fungicide increased the seed yield of all cultivars. The best results came from two applications of fungicide, one at ear emergence and one at anthesis. The exception to this was for cv Tekapo which gained the greatest increase from one application at ear emergence. These treatments increased the pure seed yield by 29%, 15%, 23%, 43% and 19% for cv Wana, Kara, Tekapo, Makibamidori and Akimidori respectively. Different cultivars reacted differently to the application of fungicide, with fungicide significantly increasing the thousand seed weight of cv Kara. Tekapo Akimidori and Makibamidori, although it had no such effect on cv Wana. Fungicide application increased the FSU of cv Wana and Tekapo but did not significantly affect cv Akimidori, Makibamidori and Kara. Cultivars Wana and Makibamidori showed a significant association between green area and seed yield, but these relationships were not significant for the other three cutivars. There was a significant association between FSU and seed yield after fungicide application for all the cultivars except cv Kara. The most cost effect return for the application of fungicide was that of a single application at ear emergence. Keywords: Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata, rust, eyespot, propiconazole, terbuconazole, fungicide, sowing date, cultivar.
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    Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) seed production : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1996) Zahid, Md Iqbal
    Seed yield reduction due to variation in genotype, management, and incidence of diseases is common and well documented in grass seed crops. Two New Zealand cultivars (Grasslands Wana, Grasslands Kara) and two Japanese (Akimidori Makibamidori) cocksfoot cultivars from a three year old stand (sown in September 1991) at Grassland Aorangi Research Farm in the Manawatu were evaluated for their seed yielding capacity. In addition these cultivars were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of bactericide (Streptomycin), nematicide (Vydate/Oxamyl) or a combinations of bactericide and nematicide to determine their effect on seed yield with traditional Fungicide (Folicur) application being used as a control. The unit plot size was 1.2 X 3.0 m2, with each plot containing 4 rows. randomized block design with two factors (cultivar and pesticide) was utilized with 4 replications. In each cultivar pesticide were sprayed in four replicates from each block. The New Zealand cultivar Wana outyielded the other three cultivar and produced about 23%, 32%, and 70% higher pure seed/unit area than that cvs Kara, Makibamidori and Akimidori respectively. The ability of cv Wana to outyield other cultivar was largely due to its ability to produce a greater numbers of fertile tillers and higher number of florets/head. Seed yields in the New Zealand cultivar Kara and the Japanese cultivar Makibamidori were similar but significantly higher than cv Akimidori. The significantly higher seed yield of cv Kara was due largely to its significantly higher seed weight than the other cultivars. Similarly the higher seed yield in cv Makibamidori compared to Akimidori was mainly due to higher seed weight. The lower pure seed yield in cv Akimidori was apparently due to lack of proper photoperiodic effect or cold temperature during anthesis and its earlier seed developing resulted in more empty florets than the New Zealand cultivar and cv Makibamidori. Fertile tiller numbers spikelets/ head and florets/ head were significantly higher in cv Wana compared to the other 3 cultivars. However, the TSW was low. The TSW was highest in cv Kara. Highest recovery of pure seed was obtained from cv Wana in screen and blown fraction. Highest pure seed was obtained from cv Makibamidori in clean seed fractions. Foliar disease intensity in all the four cultivars was found to be similar at all 3 stages of plant growth although disease levels were generally low. Percentage purity in clean seed as well as in different cleaning fractions varied depending on cultivar but cv Akimidori was always ranked lowest. Seed germination percentage in single and in multiple florets was higher in cv Akimidori compared to the other 3 cultivars. Different cultivars reacted differently to the application of pesticide. Cultivar Wana produced the highest yield 103 g pure seed/m2 in the Fungicide (Folicur) treatment compared to 55, 38 and 22 g/m2 in cv. Kara, Makibamidori and Akimidori respectively. However all cultivars produced lower yields following the application of Streptomycin. Seed yield in cv Akimidori was not affected by any pesticide application. The lower yield in Streptomycin treatments was mainly due its phytotoxic effect on leaf tissue. Seed yield in Fungicide, Vydate and in V+S treated plots was similar but significantly better than in Streptomycin treated plots. Fertile tiller numbers were also similar in these treatments but spikelet and total floret numbers were higher in the V+S treatment than in the Fungicide treatment. TSW and florets/ spikelets was not affected by pesticide application. The recovery of pure seed was always lowest in the Streptomycin treatment in all fractions of machine cleaning of seed but was higher in V+S than Fungicide treatment, particularly in the machine clean fraction. However, the recovery of pure seed from the screen fraction did not vary significantly. Over all the foliar disease severity was low in Fungicide and V+S treatment and highest in Vydate treatment at maturity but no difference during vegetative growth or at peak flowering. The percent purity varied only in the air screen fraction but was high in the Vydate treatment. Seed germination was high in all pesticide treatments and being above 90% in term of single florets and 85% in multiple florets with minor improvement in V+S treatment both in single and multiple florets and in Fungicide treatment with multiple florets only. The second trial involved only one cultivar (cv Tekapo) and involved 4 plots from each block with 3 different types of fungicide Alto (cyproconazole), Bavistin (carbendazim), and Bravo (chlorothalonil) applied from flower initiation to harvest maturity at intervals of 14 to 21 day. No effect of fungicide occurred in seed yield or in yield components. Disease severity varied significantly only at harvest maturity and was lowest in Alto treated plots (2.75) compared to the control (4.25). However, no difference occurred in assessment at the vegetative stages or at peak flowering. No significant effect of fungicide was observed in terms of seed cleaning. The percentage purity was found higher in Alto and Bravo treated plots. Germination results were well above accepted levels (90%) in all fungicide treatments with Bavistin treatments being particularly useful.