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    Ipurangi : Māori, the internet and implications for tikanga Māori : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Turitea, Manawatū, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2024) Warren, Krystal Te Rina Fain
    As the world incorporates technology and the internet, new developments provide challenges and opportunities for Māori engaging in these spaces. By developing and applying īWhakaaro (Kaupapa Māori Internet Theories) and īRanghau (Kaupapa Māori cyber ethnography) this research explores the overall question: what are the implications of Māori engaging online for tikanga Māori? And explores, how are tikanga Māori (Māori values, customs and protocols) maintained or transgressed through the use of the internet by Māori? Ipurangi, this research thesis, is framed around the cosmo-genealogical narrative of Tāwhaki who ascends through the heavens to obtain new knowledge. Just like the journey of Tāwhaki, Māori engaging online are presented with opportunities for great potential as well as obstacles that pose a threat to tikanga Māori. A new theoretical approach, īWhakaaro and a new methodological approach īRangahau, was used to analyse literature and identify themes that emerged from interviews with expert Māori who lead the use of the internet and apply tikanga Māori. eColonialism and Kaupapa Māori theory are applied to analyse how colonisation takes place online, and to develop a new theoretical position - īTāmi. This research makes three major contributions to research: first, a new lexicon for Māori engaging in the online space; second, new theoretical and methodological approaches for Kaupapa Māori research; and third, ipuRangi - a framework to guide Māori engagement with the internet.
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    The (in)visibility of Hobson's Pledge : a struggle for survival in the socio-political environment of Aotearoa/New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology at Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) Barendze, Robin Aldrich
    This study explores the emergence of Hobson’s Pledge, as an alt-right group that attempts to influence government policy towards a state of ‘ethnic unity’. It explores how the group manages ideological contradictions so as to prevent unanticipated (political) consequences, and what the future might hold for the groups as a consequence of those strategies. Three methods are utilised to interpret the situation of Hobson’s Pledge: semi-structure face-to-face interviews; content analysis of internet text; and observations gathered from conversations with group members. Three themes emerge from the data. The first of these is: a true face of ‘whiteness’ - the dislocation of ‘coherence’. The second is: maintaining a ‘colour-blind’ New Zealand for all. With this second theme, four strategies are identified by which Hobson’s Pledge manages the contradictions that come to be revealed publically in its ideology. These strategies are: the promotion of an abstract subjectivity - the ‘New Zealand’ citizen; the issuing of a political demand for national ‘unity’; the presentation of Hobson’s Pledge as a broker of Māori rights against patronization; and the advocacy of a liberal democratic defence of fragility. The third theme is: moving into the future – a post-racial Aotearoa/New Zealand?. Within this latter theme, three moments are revealed in which the operation of Hobson’s Pledge reinforces perceptions of a ‘post-racial’ New Zealand. These moments are: reducing perceived racism to a small fraction of society; a democratic right to ‘free-speech’; and an intensification of covertness – a democratic right to oppose Māori wards. Public conversations are recommended as a mechanism by which the socially-divisive effects of Hobson’s Pledge could be engaged with, to progressive effect.
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    Chinese immigrants' experience of racial discrimination in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2001) Graham, Eve Yee Han
    The present study is a phenomenological study of Chinese immigrants' experience of racial discrimination in New Zealand. The aim is to have an in-depth look at Chinese immigrants' subjective feelings and lived experiences of racial discrimination. The participants were 6 Chinese women and 2 Chinese men ranging in ages from 23 to 62. They talked about a variety of racial discrimination episodes in unstructured interviews. Their overall experience was a sense of being objectified by the perpetrators of racism. The participants felt they were being judged by stereotypes and preconceived conceptions instead of being treated as individuals. They felt marginalised and were sometimes taken advantage of and being denied access to opportunities and resources. As a result, they suffered identity problems, felt a lot of anger and fear, and had lowered self-esteem. The participants used a variety of ways to deal with their predicament. These ranged from open confrontation to avoidance, denial, minimalisation, rationalisation and relying on social support. There was a distinctive difference between experiencing isolated racist attacks and continuous racial harassment. While the effect of isolated discrimination was relatively transient, persistent racism led to feelings of low self-esteem, vulnerability and depression. This study had a cathartic and therapeutic effect for the participants. It also deepened my own understanding and awareness of discrimination. It is hoped that it would enable readers to rethink their attitude towards Chinese immigrants and other minorities.