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    The context and enactment of faith-based social entrepreneurship : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2020) Borquist, Bruce R.
    Faith-based organisations have been at the forefront of efforts to meet human need and effect positive social change for centuries, and they continue to make significant contributions to social welfare. However, a paucity of empirical research into the nature of faith-based social entrepreneurship limits knowledge and theory development and hinders the effectiveness of faith-based initiatives. In response, this thesis explores how a religious worldview intersects with values, gender and institutional logics to influence social entrepreneurial activity. The thesis thereby aims to develop new theoretical insights into the contextual embeddedness of the process of social entrepreneurship. Qualitative, interpretive research based on a social constructionist paradigm was conducted to explore how a religious faith context influences the enactment of social entrepreneurship. Comparative multiple case studies of eight social entrepreneurial organisations located in the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam were undertaken during the period 2016-18. Faith-based, faith-inspired and secular organisations participated in the research. Multilevel thematic analysis of data employed theoretical lenses of universal human values, gender and institutional logics. The research showed that faith-based social entrepreneurship is a distinct, contextually embedded expression of social entrepreneurship. Findings suggest that a religious worldview, values and gender are discrete contexts that influence the what, where, how, who, when and why omnibus contexts in which social entrepreneurship is enacted. In a religious worldview context, social entrepreneurial organisations respond not only to well-documented social welfare and commercial logics but also to a religious metalogic. Consequently, faith-based social entrepreneurial organisations illuminate how organisations experience institutional complexity and manage paradoxical interlogic tensions. The key insight and contribution of the thesis is that contexts of a Christian religious worldview and gender underscore the values-based nature of social entrepreneurship. Further, these contexts reveal the influence of faith, altruistic love and the logic of gratuitous giving on how social entrepreneurship is experienced and enacted.
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    Vitality and burnout of employees in Christian humanitarian organisations : the role of need satisfaction at work and religious beliefs : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2012) Williams, Tamara Joanne
    Humanitarian workers are at relatively high risk of developing a range of negative outcomes in response to stress. For individual employees, the organisations they represent, and the people they serve, it is important to examine workplace wellbeing. This research analysed vitality and burnout as constructs of wellbeing in employees of international, Christian humanitarian organisations based in Chennai, India. This wellbeing dichotomy was explored through two main factors: basic psychological need satisfaction at work, and religious beliefs. These two factors were examined through a Self-Determination Theory framework. Data was collected via a questionnaire comprised of psychometrically established measures and six open-ended questions for supplementary qualitative data. There were 99 respondents. The results demonstrated the importance of supporting autonomy, competence and relatedness (basic psychological needs) in employees of humanitarian organisations. Workplace support leading to basic need satisfaction was associated with increased vitality and decreased levels of burnout. Autonomous motivations for religious beliefs were positively associated with vitality, and non-autonomous motivations for religious beliefs were linked with decreased burnout. The use of religious coping was not as clearly linked with these wellbeing constructs except that the presence of negative religious coping was positively related to burnout. The findings are pertinent for humanitarian organisations, particularly those with a Christian foundation, to understand and facilitate factors that increase vitality and decrease burnout in the workplace.