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    A study of the effects of row spacing and sowing rate on growth, seed yield and seed quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agriculture Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1974) Raffar, Khalip Abdul
    Major Interest in the potential of oil seed crop in New Zealand agriculture has been shown over the past few years. Through extensive research, soybean has been successfully established as a crop in local agriculture. This is evident by the substantial increase in soybean acreage (2000 - 3000) in the Gisborne area this year. In the South Island, oil seed crop such as sunflower has also been grown successfully. The main interest in oilseed crop production is the oil and its composition. Vegetable oils which contain high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids are highly sought after because of their low cholesterol property. In the past, this type of oil has been used mainly for making low cholesterol content margarine and cooking. However, the recent interest in easy-spread butter and the discovery by research scientists of the C.S.I.R.O. in Australia that feeding stock with vegetable oils containing poly-unsaturated fatty acids reduces cholesterol levels in both meat and milk have increased interest in oilseed crop in this country. [From Introduction]
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    Pollination patterns in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Plant Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1981) Woods, Peter William
    The influence of environmental conditions on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) floret characters and insects were studied in relation to pollination in this species. Insect activity was studied in a field experiment using part of the world germplasm collection of safflower. Honey bees were the most likely cross-pollinators. Activity of honey bees did not vary between genotypes studied. Correlations between insect and weather data were mainly non-significant. A sample of 12 genotypes from the world collection were intensively studied in controlled environment rooms. Single plants were used as plots in a randomised complete block design, in each of four environments (day/night temperature treatments of 28/22°c and 24/l8°c in combination with vapour pressure deficit treatments of -1.0 and -0.4 kPa). Environments reflected New Zealand summer conditions. Coefficients of variation were acceptable for most characters. Considerable genotypic, environmental and genotype-environment interaction variances were observed for most characters. Standardised partial regression coefficients (path coefficients) and principal factors were utilized to determine the characters most important in self-pollination of safflower. These characters were: the length of the style-stigma; the rate of style-stigma growth; the rate of corolla tube growth and amounts of viable pollen present during floret expansion. Pollen viabilities remained high for the longest time in higher humidity environments. Large amounts of pollen were produced at the lower humidity. Floral parts were largest in the cool dry environment, however rates of style-stigma and corolla expansion were greater at lower temperatures. It was concluded that synchronization of the rates of style-stigma and corolla tube growth were important in maintaining the stigma in close proximity to viable pollen, and thus promoting the possibility of self-pollination. Self-pollination was greatest at the lower temperature and lower humidity. The basic self-pollination mechanism observed was in agreement with previous authors. A number of improvements for future controlled environment experiments involving safflower were suggested. The implications of pollination of safflower on germplasm collection and maintenance, artificial crossing and breeding plans were discussed.
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    Effects of water stress at different stages of growth on seed yield of safflower : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1977) Brookfield, Paul Leighton Purchas
    Safflower plants were grown from seed in controlled environment rooms. The light and dark period temperatures were 23°C and 18°C respectively. Plant water deficits of -8 to -10 bar were imposed for 20 days during each of the periods floral initiation, inflorescence development, flowering, the post flowering period, and for 12 days during secondary head flowering. Water stress during floral initiation or inflorescence development significantly reduced yield over water stress at any other stage of growth. Seed yield was reduced 46% and 57% by water stress during floral initiation and inflorescence development respectively, compared with well watered plants. Of the sequentially developing traits of seed yield, number of seeds per head accounted for most variation in seed yield, followed by number of heads per plant. Seed weight had relatively little effect on variation in seed yield. Water stress at floral initiation reduced seed yield due to a 32% reduction in head number per plant at final harvest. Fewer florets developed in each head, contributing to a 53% reduction in the potential seed number per plant. Water stress during inflorescence development reduced the number of heads per plant by 30% and the number of seeds per head by 34%. Water stress during the flowering period reduced seed weight by 23%. This was attributed to a 38% reduction in seed hull weight. Water stress after flowering reduced seed hull content by up to 15% and was associated with a higher seed oil content of 26.5% compared with 22.3% for well watered plants. It was concluded that safflower should be planted early to minimise the risk of water stress during inflorescence development, and that seed quality may be improved by dry conditions after flowering. From the results it was suggested that safflower may not necessarily be dependant on an extensive root system for its independence of late season rainfall.
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    Adaptability of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes to some New Zealand environments : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Plant Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1981) De Silva, Handunnethi Nihal
    Seven safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes were grown at three sites (Massey, Aorangi and Flockhouse) in the Manawatu area in years 1978 and 1979. Three additional genotypes from the world germplasm collection were included in the study in 1979. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. The safflower genotypes were evaluated with respect to several morphological traits, and some important agronomic traits, such as yield, % oil content, % hull content and susceptibility to head rot disease. Data collected on seven safflower genotypes were analysed as a combined experiment with 3 sites and 2 years (Expt. I). The data available on 10 genotypes in 1979 were analysed separately with respect to ten important characters (Expt. II). Of the 23 characters studied in Expt. I, the genotypic variance component (σ2G) was significant only for the following 6 characters: mid stem leaf length, primary head diameter, involucral bract length and length/width, bract spine index and susceptibility to head rot disease. The addition of 3 genotypes in Expt. II had a marked effect on the magnitude σ2G component. Of the environmental components, site x year interaction effect was the most significant for the majority of traits. Most of the characters studied in Expt. I showed significant genotype x environment interactions, and in most instances the second order interaction of genotype x site x year being highly significant. Adaptation analyses were performed following procedures of Finlay and Wilkinson (1963). The genotypes Leed and Dart with adaptation coefficients 1.52 and 1.75 respectively were specifically adapted to favourable environments with respect to yield. Cultivar 0-22 and Rio showed general adaptability to the same trait. For % oil content all genotypes except Rio showed general adaptability. Cultivar Rio was slightly specifically adapted to favourable environments. Two forms of broad sense heritabilities (full and restricted) were estimated. In Expt. I, relatively high restricted heritability estimates were obtained for the following traits: leaf length, primary head diameter, bract length and length/width, spine index and susceptibility to head rot disease. The heritability estimates obtained in Expt. II were higher than Expt. I, due to the additional genetic variability in the population. Of the additional traits studied in Expt. II, lodging and susceptibility to leaf spot disease, showed high heritability estimates. Resistances to two fungal diseases - head rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) and leaf spot (Stemphylium/Alternaria species) - were assessed in field conditions. The leaf spot disease was detected only in the second year of this study. The cultivars VFSTP-1 and Partial-hull were highly susceptible to head rot disease. The two genotypes from safflower germplasm collection, PI 262437 and PI 306684 had considerable tolerance to leaf spot disease. The optimum plot allocation study indicated that, disregarding costs, an allocation of 2 years, 4 sites and 2 replications would be more efficient than the present allocation. There was no significant correlation between spininess and bird damage. The % oil content and % hull content were negatively correlated at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Susceptibility to the two diseases were negatively correlated with yield. The susceptibility to head rot disease also showed a significant negative correlation with the % oil content.