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Item Balancing risk in sexual violence restorative justice : professional views on risk assessment for restorative justice processes addressing sexual violence : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand(Massey University, 2024) Bremer, Charlotte (Charlie) GraceSexual violence is an ongoing international human rights issue, often resulting in significant negative impacts, and not always well addressed within conventional criminal justice systems. Restorative justice following sexual violence (SVRJ) is a victim-centred justice process showing significant benefits for victim-survivors (including meeting justice needs and supporting recovery), perpetrators of harm (including insight, community reintegration, and reduced reoffending), and wider communities (encouraging accountability and addressing harmful beliefs). However, there is a risk of causing further harm through SVRJ, meaning professionals in this space have an obligation to manage risk as best as possible. Risk of further harm is one reason why SVRJ is not particularly common around the world, and why opinions are often divided regarding the appropriateness of its use. Currently, there are no standardised guidelines for assessing risk within SVRJ. Instead, professionals may rely on their judgement alone, which is the least reliable and valid method of risk assessment. The current research seeks to address this by investigating professional perspectives about the factors important within SVRJ risk assessment, and subsequently developing SVRJ risk assessment guideline recommendations, which could enable a structured and more reliable approach to SVRJ risk assessment. Professionals (n=16) experienced in the areas of SVRJ and RJ risk assessment were interviewed about their experiences of SVRJ risk assessment, particularly what they considered within their assessments and risk-related decisions. Interview data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, with four themes identified: perceived participant preparedness, safe support systems, culturally competent assessment, and participant alignment. These findings formed the basis for developed SVRJ risk assessment guideline recommendations. Wider implications of the findings for SVRJ risk assessment, policy and practice are discussed. It is hoped that this research provides important insight into SVRJ professional practice and risk assessment and contributes to the safe use of SVRJ both in Aotearoa New Zealand and internationally, allowing more people to access the benefits of SVRJ in safe and considered ways.Item Narratives of embedded oppression and the Covid-19 pandemic response : voices from marginalised sexual violence survivors in Aotearoa New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Manawatū, Aotearoa New Zealand(Massey University, 2023) Helme, CaitlinThe prevalence of sexual violence in Aotearoa New Zealand was of epidemic proportions even before the arrival of Covid-19, with people experiencing social marginalisation harmed more frequently, in different ways, and with less appropriate support available to them than the hegemonic population. In trying to understand these issues through a lens of intersectionality, I broadly enquired into the importance, impact, and challenges of navigating sexual violence for disabled people who experience multiple layers of oppression. Respondents told stories within both the pre- and peri-Covid-19 landscape. Seven respondents shared their stories during eight unstructured, teller-focussed interviews (Hydén, 2014). All seven respondents were service providers, with four respondents also being survivors of sexual violence themselves. Respondents had lived experience of marginalisation, with many inhabiting multiple marginalised social locations. All survivors identified as disabled, with further marginalised identities including being Indigenous, female, and/or queer, among others. A reflexive narrative analysis was conducted to make visible the expert stories as an ethical response to social justice. The narrative analysis outlines how embedded social inequities and power structures, including ableism, racism, sexism, and cisgenderism, intersect oppressively for survivors and create barriers to accessing appropriate support. Inequities are longstanding and rooted within historical oppressions such as colonisation. Respondents spoke of the compounding of existing inequities following the arrival of Covid-19, making visible an already under-resourced sector bearing the brunt of an unprecedented influx of sexual violence and the detrimental effects on survivors and providers alike. Radical change is required to address social inequities in promoting an equal response to sexual violence.Item The relationships between counsellors' orientation, experiences and training and their conceptualization of their tasks in the healing process in sexual abuse counselling : a qualitative analysis : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University(Massey University, 1992) Stevens, Susan EllenEight counsellors registered with the Accident Compensation Corporation as sexual abuse counsellors participated in qualitative research employing semi-structured, in-depth interviews. A qualitative approach was used to explore previously unidentified variables in sexual abuse counselling, and the relationships among these. Transcribed interviews were analysed for recurrent regularities in themes and dynamics. Four overall themes emerged that appeared most salient in influencing counsellor's conceptualization of the tasks and processes involved in treating the effects of sexual abuse. These themes were (1) counsellor's orientation; (2) training and development; (3) understanding of the dynamics, issues, and effects of sexual abuse; and (4) personal experience of abuse. These variables have implications for both the practice of sexual abuse counselling and for future research.Item Re-negotiating meanings : a grounded theory of core factors in healing shame in adult survivors of sexual abuse : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University(Massey University, 1997) Cody, Tracey-LynneShame is an issue for survivors of sexual abuse that has received little attention in the literature. Eight experienced therapists following different therapeutic orientations were interviewed about their conceptualisations of shame in sexual abuse survivors and the process of healing from shame. The interview data was analysed using the grounded theory method of qualitative analysis and a theory of core factors in the healing process across therapeutic orientations was derived. Findings suggest that the child victim of sexual abuse makes meaning of their experiences, a process influenced by a number of contextual domains. The key meanings of being responsible for the abuse or being somehow defective as a consequence of abuse were found to be central to the development of shame, and were linked to a number of sequelae by respondents. The core factors in the respondents' conceptualisations of the process of healing shame involved re-negotiating the meanings the child had formed, and this process was made up of five key areas; developing trust in the therapeutic relationship, building a positive sense of self, facing the shamed self, contextualisation and integration. Attention was also given to gender issues in order to discover similarities or differences in the experiences and healing process for male survivors of sexual abuse. Findings suggest that respondents' saw shame in sexual abuse and the healing process as being the same for males and females, with differences being largely the result of socialisation practices. Implications of findings are discussed.