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Item Multigenerational caregiving for older people in Bali : combining macro and micro perspectives to understand ageing, family, and caregiving : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Lestari, Made DiahMost of the existing research on family caregiving focuses on the nuclear family, consisting only of parents and children as the research population and women as the primary caregivers. Research on family caregiving needs to take into account demographic and social-cultural contexts. Thus, I sought to explore caregiving and ageing in multigenerational households. As populations continue to age, older people’s needs for special care has become a critical issue that affects families as the primary support of older people and sometimes presents a burden for families in terms of caregiving. While we are witnessing the development of public provisions to support our ageing population, at the same time, the cultural obligation to care for older generations may be reinforced by policies, effectively shifting state responsibilities to the private sphere. The study was framed by a critical gerontology approach to ageing issues from two perspectives: political-moral economy and humanistic gerontology. Critical gerontology provides space for a dialogue between macro and micro perspectives in understanding ageing and family caregiving. The research was conducted in Bali, where most older people live in multigenerational households. At the macro level of caregiving, this study aimed to critically review the regional ageing policies in Indonesia. Using critical discourse analysis, this study explored constructions of older people’s identities in regional ageing policies and found two identity constructions, namely “material ageing” and “cultural ageing”. Such positioning has macro and micro effects on ageing and caregiving practices. At the intersection between macro and micro levels of caregiving, individual narrative interviews were conducted from January until May 2020 with 49 members of 11 multigenerational households to explore the social construction of ageing and family caregiving specific to Balinese culture. Thematic analysis, narrative analysis, and discursive positioning analysis were used to analyse the interview data, exploring: (a) important aspects of local knowledge about multigenerational caregiving reported by participants; (b) the role played by the local narratives in shaping family members’ stories of multigenerational caregiving; and (c) how two dominant ageing discourses in regional ageing policies, “decline” and “successful ageing”, were taken up by older people and their family members in constructing their stories on ageing and family caregiving. I discussed the collective implications of these findings for the micro experiences of ageing and policy and developed a theoretical model of multigenerational caregiving, including its opportunities and challenges by synthesising the findings into a socioecological model. This model provided the basis for an analysis of the intersection between private and public domains of multigenerational caregiving and suggestions for initiatives at the family, community, society, and cultural levels to ensure the sustainability of family caregiving in Bali as well as providing support for the family caregivers.Item Policy analysis using microsimulation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Social Policy, at Massey University(Massey University, 1993) Bade, KeithRecent changes in the social policy development arena in New Zealand mean that traitional methods of social policy analysis are not now adequate for all analyses. Microsimulation is a technique that can provide another dimension to social policy analysis. The thesis starts by discussing some of the major social policy developments in New Zealand pointing out some of the weaknesses in the analyses accompaning them. The thesis then goes on to introduce microsimulation as a technique that can help improve the analysis of social policy. However, the main body of the thesis consists of the development of a microsimulation model, a discussion of the database upon which the model is based, and an analysis carried out using the model. The thesis demonstrates the usefulness of microsimulation models in identifying impacts of social policy changes on small sectors of the population. It does this by simulating the income effects of the increase in the qualification age for National Superannuation on the population sector aged sixty to sixty - five. Although the thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of microsimulation models, the project uncovered a number of areas where currently available data are not sufficiently adequate for the methodology to be utilised to the full. The thesis finishes by suggesting a number of areas where further development could be productive and assist in improving the quality of social policy analysis.Item Job creation schemes and the capitalist state : Marxist analysis of job creation schemes, 1890-1912 and 1930-1935 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology at Massey University(Massey University, 1984) Johnston, R. CraigThis thesis seeks to understand Job creation schemes. It utilises a realist-Marxist methodology and a theoretical model based upon the work of Jessop (1982). These conceptual tools are applied to the investigation of the Co-operative Works Scheme and relief work from the 1890-1912 period, and the No 5 Scheme and the Camp Scheme from the 1930-35 period. The central thrust of the thesis is that these state interventions can only be understood as the outcome of the interaction between political relations and the state. This approach runs contrary to mainstream work on job creation schemes which focus on the relationship between state intervention and the nature of unemployment. A major concern of this thesis is to develop and apply a coherent model within which Marxist analyses of the state and state interventions may take place.Item Social policy in a Christian frame of meaning : a world-view, ethic and theoretical framework for the analysis, choice, & design of social policy : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Policy, School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, Massey University(Massey University, 2001) Warner, Gerald JohnThis thesis is about how one might think, read, and approach, the analysis, choice, and design of social policy from a Christian world-view, ethic, and theoretical framework. This theoretical, normative, and explorative study is based on the propositions that all polities operate within some kind of frame of meaning, and that all social judgement is ultimately influenced by the presuppositions contained in one's broader world-view. In response, the thesis examines the Christian Realist, the Reformed/neo-Calvinist, and the Catholic social teaching traditions as contributors to the development of a Christian communitarian theoretical framework. Upon the exploration of the social, political, and moral theory, and the theological underpinnings of these three Christian traditions, this thesis approaches the theory eclectically focusing primarily on their mutually supportive aspects. The study finds a triangular relationship between the three traditions, such that each tradition supplements, informs, and complements the other. The Realist tradition maintains a consistent account of human nature and vitality, explicating human self-interest and power in social life, and thus appends both the Reformed and Catholic traditions. The Reformed tradition complements the Realist and substitutes Catholic social theory with a systematic theory of the structure of society. Moreover, the Catholic tradition provides the Reformed and Realist traditions with the systematic moral and ethical ends to which Christian social action ought to be orientated. The study also develops an approach to social policy indicative of the major ethos and orientation that characterises each tradition. The study therefore approaches the analysis of social policy from a responsible and realist frame of mind, recognising the plural nature of distinct spheres and jurisdictions within society, whilst maintaining a compassion for, and the centrality of, the human person. After orchestrating the theory into the construction of a Christian theoretical and normative frame, the study seeks to apply and utilise the Christian frame for the analysis, choice, and design of social policy. In response, the investigation examines a method for the inquiry of political frames of meaning (frame-critical policy analysis), employing the normative Christian communitarian frame as a counter-system. This policy analysis method dialectically critiques contesting policy viewpoints as grounded in their wider ideological social choice.Item Sea-change : negotiating the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities - a New Zealand perspective : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Policy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2014) Roe, SinéadThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was the first human rights convention of the 21st century. It was notable because of the high levels of involvement stakeholders – disabled people – had in the negotiations process. This project looks at the role played by the disabled New Zealanders in the New Zealand delegation to the Ad Hoc Committee considering the text for the CRPD. It examined to what extent the disability rights movement slogan ‘nothing about us, without us’ was reflected in this process. Through interviews with disabled people who had represented NGOs, national human rights institutions and disabled people’s organisations at the UN, it finds that disabled people were instrumental in drafting a convention that addressed real-life human rights issues for disabled people. Using Stienstra’s (2003) framework for assessing the effectiveness and value of consultation process, it also finds that CRPD negotiations show how the involvement of stakeholders in consultation processes can greatly enhance both the process itself and the results. The process represents a sea-change in terms of how consultations with disabled people should be conducted. With genuine interest and willingness to listen to the lived experience of disability, governments have much to gain from genuine engagement with disabled people and their representative organisations. The implications for social policy are shown to demonstrate how ‘nothing about us, without us’ can move beyond being a mere slogan. When correctly applied during consultations, it can become a transformative and powerful guiding principle for policymakers and legislators alike.Item A study of the factors which contribute to success for Māori women in tertiary education : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy, Massey University(Massey University, 1996) Selby, RachaelThis thesis is a study of the factors which contribute to success for Māori women in tertiary education. It focuses on the success of six Māori women who are in positions of responsibility and decision making in various education institutions and agencies. They were students enrolled at Queen Victoria School for Māori Girls in 1961 and have all achieved success in tertiary education over the past thirty years. The focus on success factors is in part a response to the frustration felt by Māori at the concentration on failure, underachievement and barriers to success evident in much of the research which has been sponsored and supported over the past three decades. It is argued in this thesis that it is as important to identify success factors as it is to identify barriers to achievement. This study will complement the many positive initiatives which Māori, particularly women, have taken in the last twenty years of this century to regain control of the education of our children through kōhanga reo and kura kaupapa Māori, by providing relevant research material for consideration. The women's stories are presented as oral narratives in the women's own words. They are a contribution to the body of literature recording the lives of Māori women in Aotearoa, a body of literature which, though currently disappointingly small, is significant. A primary feature of the study is that Māori women are central and essential as kaitautoko, kaiākihaere, research participants, kaiwhakapakari and kaiāwhina. Māori women were supervisors and transcribers. As the researcher, I am a Māori woman. The research is based upon Treaty of Waitangi principles and within tikanga Māori as outlined in the methodology chapter of the thesis The worlds from which the women in this study came are worlds of the past, worlds which Māori currently seek to restore and duplicate within such structures as kōhanga reo, kura kaupapa and wānanga. Modern communication, an international economy and globalisation work against the duplication of the world from which these women came, but attention to the factors which enabled them to live and succeed in two worlds are the some of the factors which must be duplicated in this and the next generation to promote further success by Māori women in education.Item He iwi moke, he whanokē : iwi social services, policy and practice : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Policy at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2014) Rickard, TaimaniaWhanau centred organisational policy and social work practice is well established within iwi and Maori organisations. Shifts in government policy thinking toward more holistic and collaborative social service provision, characterised by the development of Whanau Ora, affirms the past and current practice of iwi and Maori organisations. Te Runanga o Ngati Porou has successfully provided whanau centred social services with the support of government contract funding since 1992. This thesis examines the current policy and practice of the Runanga with reference to the development of Maori social policy and in particular Whanau Ora, arguing that Maori social work practice has developed ahead of and in parallel to official government policy. Emerging themes include Whanau Ora as an established approach within Ngati Porou and the Maori social service sector, the impact of politics and the economy on direction and service provision, community influenced social work, the natural and forced inclusion of tikanga in social services and research and the potential for official whanau centred social policy to increase the effectiveness of iwi and Maori organisations to deliver services in line with a Maori world view. This study was completed within a Kaupapa Maori research framework specifically tailored for the project. Recommendations for future research, both specific to the Ngati Porou community and to Maori development in general are made at the conclusion of the thesis. Recommendations for iwi social service providers and the public sector are also made.Item To what degree do the in-work tax credit policies introduced in New Zealand (2006) and Sweden (2007) contribute to the wellbeing of sole mothers? : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Policy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2013) Davidson, Terri-LouiseSocial policy intervention greatly influences the level of wellbeing achieved by different population groups and reflects social, political and historical discourse, and power constructs within society. As a population group, sole mother households consistently experience higher poverty rates than other population groups across western welfare states. By undertaking a critical social policy analysis and comparative analysis of the New Zealand (2006) and Sweden (2007) in-work tax credit policies, this research demonstrates that the inequalities experienced by sole mothers were perpetuated and reinforced by social policy mechanisms that were reflective of each country’s ideological foundations. The gendered nature of the inequalities also reflected the socialist feminist view that interrelated power constructs in the form of public patriarchy and capitalism influence the wellbeing of sole mothers across all welfare states. Thus, while capitalism continues to exploit women as gender-neutral workers, public patriarchy continues to further exploit women through male-dominant power constructs.Item Te puawaitanga o te ihi me te wehi : the politics of Maori social policy development : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Doctorate in Philosophy at Massey University(Massey University, 1999) Ruwhiu, Leland ArielAs an area of inquiry Maori social policy gives rise to several critical viewpoints - Social policy directed 'at, to, on or with Maori' in comparison to Maori social policy formulated, developed and implemented 'by Maori for Maori'. This thesis provides both an in-depth historical and contemporary analysis of the development of Maori social policy in contact times with Pakeha/Tauiwi. At the same time it also investigates the interrelationship between traditional and recent Maori interpretations of Maori wellbeing. Exploration into the politics of Maori social policy development coincides with and is intricately connected to, an analysis of Maori wellbeing. Maori social policy which is centred on Maori conceptual/theoretical knowledge, wisdom, and experience is examined and critiqued. A key feature of this thesis has been its introduction of several theoretical frameworks in order to make sense of Maori wellbeing. These analysis frameworks assist in identifying the key characteristics, underpinning principles and specific goals of Maori social policy. In addition, issues associated with researching Maori are explored. This includes an overview of general research principles, approaches and methodologies. Identification of key principles, approaches and methodologies underpinning Maori research is then presented. The thesis concludes with a framework for developing Maori social policy which meets the welfare needs of all Maori. It argues that Maori social policy is about Maori wellbeing, and Maori wellbeing draws strength from the past, present and future - Te Puawaitanga o te ihi me te wehi.Item From unconscious to self-conscious : cognitive rehabilitation from the perspective of symbolic interactionism : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Policy and Social Work at Massey University(Massey University, 1996) Sutherland, DeborahThere is increasing awareness and concern that psychosocial problems prevent people with brain damage reestablishing an acceptable quality of life. Changes in perception and cognition appear to alter a person's relationships, preventing a successful reintegration into the community. As a result, many researchers and rehabilitation practitioners have been calling for more holistic models of recovery which recognise the psychosocial domain and which offer strategies to counteract these problems. In this study, the principles of symbolic interactionism are used to explore the experience of four people with traumatic brain injury. A life history was collected for each person and the four life histories were examined for common patterns and themes. A videocamera was then used to record their daily life in a residential rehabilitation programme. The film collected included formal one-to-one therapy sessions, group situations and informal interaction in the living areas, dining room and passageways etc. The four people (and also those with whom they interacted) were shown selected excerpts from this film and interviewed about what was happening. Several common themes emerged from this process and these themes are examined within a theoretical framework which recognises the central role of a dual, interacting and interpreting self, creating meaning through an adapting and accommodating process. Theory and literature about brain damage and about inner brain processes is revisited from this perspective of the person as a meaning negotiator and some conclusions are reached about the impact of brain damage upon lived experience. In particular, the role of a moral self or an inner conjured audience is considered, as well as the role of emotional intersubjectivity within relationships. Some new insights are offered as to how people resolve the problem of continuing to interact with their world when it is difficult for them to make sense of it or interpret it, and how other people's responses influence this process. The findings of the research suggest adaptations to both settings and relationships may be necessary for a successful recovery after brain injury. The importance of providing scaffolding of the meaning-negotiating process during a liminal period of recovery is noted. Some suggestions are offered as to interactive strategies which foster adaptive, purposeful and independent lifestyles. The thesis concludes that because realities are created through interaction, the principles of symbolic interactionism should become more central in the designing of rehabilitation programmes.