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    Life History Parameters, Sociobiology, and Reproductive Strategies of Pilot Whales
    (Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2023-09-26) Betty EL; Zwamborn EMJ; Weyn M; Luck E; Alves F; Würsig B; Orbach DN
    Two species of pilot whales are globally distributed, the long-finned (Globicephala melas) in cold-temperate waters and the short-finned (G. macrorhynchus) in tropical and warm-temperate latitudes. Two subspecies of the long-finned pilot whale are recognized, G. m. melas in the North Atlantic and G. m. edwardii in the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, three types have been proposed in short-finned pilot whales. In general, it is assumed that pilot whales live in matrilineal societies composed of stable units/pods displaying bisexual natal philopatry, but inter-and intraspecific variabilities in the sociality of these units have been described worldwide. Moreover, there is inter-and intraspecific hetero-geneity in life history and reproductive parameters, which supports geographic variation. To investigate life history parameters, sociobiology, and reproductive strategies within different populations of pilot whales, we reviewed the current literature and compiled novel data. We cover populations from both hemispheres and combine life history characteristics from strandings with field-/behavioral-based information such as long-term photographic-identification, social analysis with molecular sexing, and drone technology. This chapter contributes to improving our knowledge of the life history parameters between sexes and populations, inter-actions between animals of different sexes within units, social structures, and reproductive strategies in pilot whales. We explore pilot whales’ sexual group dynamics and social system and discuss whether they are strictly matrilineal in comparison with other “matrilineal” species.
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    Modeling the role of social structures in population genetics : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Statistics at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2015) Guillot, Elsa Gratianne
    Building on a theoretical framework, population genetics has been widely applied to diverse organisms, from bacteria to animals. On humans, this has led to the reconstruction of history, the timing of settlements, and migration between populations. Mostly based on the coalescent theory, modern population genetic studies are challenged by human social structures, which are difficult to incorporate into analytically models. The implications of social structure on population genetics are mostly unknown. This work presents new modeling and inference methods to model the role of social structure in poulation genetics. The applications of these new techniques permit to gain better understanding of the history and practices of a number of Indonesian island communities. This thesis comprises three published, organized as sequential chapters. The Introduction describes population genetic models and the statistical tools that are used to make inferences. The second chapter presents the first paper, which measures the change of population size through time on four Indonesian islands structured by history and geography. The third chapter presents SMARTPOP, a new simulation tool to study social structure, including mating systems and genetic diversity. The fourth chapter focuses on Asymmetric Prescriptive Alliance, a famous kinship system linking the migration of women between communities with cousin alliance. The fifth chapter presents a conclusion and future directions. In combination, this body of work shows the importance of including social structure in population genetics and proposes new ways to reconstruct aspects of social history.