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    An in-depth survey on Deep Learning-based Motor Imagery Electroencephalogram (EEG) classification
    (Elsevier BV, Netherlands, 2024-01) Wang X; Liesaputra V; Liu Z; Wang Y; Huang Z
    Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) build a communication path between human brain and external devices. Among EEG-based BCI paradigms, the most commonly used one is motor imagery (MI). As a hot research topic, MI EEG-based BCI has largely contributed to medical fields and smart home industry. However, because of the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the non-stationary characteristic of EEG data, it is difficult to correctly classify different types of MI-EEG signals. Recently, the advances in Deep Learning (DL) significantly facilitate the development of MI EEG-based BCIs. In this paper, we provide a systematic survey of DL-based MI-EEG classification methods. Specifically, we first comprehensively discuss several important aspects of DL-based MI-EEG classification, covering input formulations, network architectures, public datasets, etc. Then, we summarize problems in model performance comparison and give guidelines to future studies for fair performance comparison. Next, we fairly evaluate the representative DL-based models using source code released by the authors and meticulously analyse the evaluation results. By performing ablation study on the network architecture, we found that (1) effective feature fusion is indispensable for multi-stream CNN-based models. (2) LSTM should be combined with spatial feature extraction techniques to obtain good classification performance. (3) the use of dropout contributes little to improving the model performance, and that (4) adding fully connected layers to the models significantly increases their parameters but it might not improve their performance. Finally, we raise several open issues in MI-EEG classification and provide possible future research directions.
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    Efficient Monocular Human Pose Estimation Based on Deep Learning Methods: A Survey
    (IEEE, 2024-05-09) Yan X; Liu B; Qu G
    Human pose estimation (HPE) is a crucial computer vision task with a wide range of applications in sports medicine, healthcare, virtual reality, and human-computer interaction. The demand for real-time HPE solutions necessitates the development of efficient deep-learning models that can be deployed on resource-constrained devices. While a few surveys exist in this area, none delve deeply into the critical intersection of efficiency and performance. This survey reviews the state-of-the-art efficient deep learning approaches for real-time HPE, focusing on strategies for improving efficiency without compromising accuracy. We discuss popular backbone networks for HPE, model compression techniques, network pruning and quantization, knowledge distillation, and neural architecture search methods. Furthermore, we critically analyze the existing works, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and applicability to different scenarios. We also present an overview of the evaluation datasets, metrics, and design for efficient HPE. Finally, we identify research gaps and challenges in the field, providing insights and recommendations for future research directions in developing efficient and scalable HPE solutions.
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    Awareness, support, and opinions of healthy food and drink policies: a survey of staff and visitors in New Zealand healthcare organisations.
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2024-08-12) Gerritsen S; Rosin M; Te Morenga L; Jiang Y; Kidd B; Shen S; Umali E; Mackay S; Ni Mhurchu C
    Background In 2016, a voluntary National Healthy Food and Drink Policy (hereafter, “the Policy”) was released to encourage public hospitals in New Zealand to provide food and drink options in line with national dietary guidelines. Five years later, eight (of 20) organisations had adopted it, with several preferring to retain or update their own institutional-level version. This study assessed staff and visitors’ awareness and support for and against the Policy, and collected feedback on perceived food environment changes since implementation of the Policy. Methods Cross-sectional electronic and paper-based survey conducted from June 2021 to August 2022. Descriptive statistics were used to present quantitative findings. Free-text responses were analysed following a general inductive approach. Qualitative and quantitative findings were compared by level of implementation of the Policy, and by ethnicity and financial security of participants. Results Data were collected from 2,526 staff and 261 visitors in 19 healthcare organisations. 80% of staff and 56% of visitors were aware of the Policy. Both staff and visitors generally supported the Policy, irrespective of whether they were aware of it or not, with most agreeing that “Hospitals should be good role models.” Among staff who opposed the Policy, the most common reason for doing so was freedom of choice. The Policy had a greater impact, positive and negative, on Māori and Pacific staff, due to more frequent purchasing onsite. Most staff noticed differences in the food and drinks available since Policy implementation. There was positive feedback about the variety of options available in some hospitals, but overall 40% of free text comments mentioned limited choice. 74% of staff reported that food and drinks were more expensive. Low-income staff/visitors and shift workers were particularly impacted by reduced choice and higher prices for healthy options. Conclusions The Policy led to notable changes in the healthiness of foods and drinks available in NZ hospitals but this was accompanied by a perception of reduced value and choice. While generally well supported, the findings indicate opportunities to improve implementation of food and drink policies (e.g. providing more healthy food choices, better engagement with staff, and keeping prices of healthy options low) and confirm that the Policy could be expanded to other public workplaces.
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    Preliminary examination of the perceptions of sustainable horse feeding practices in the Netherlands.
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024-01-01) Karasu GK; Krabbenborg R; Westerduin F; Rogers CW
    The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of sustainability among horse owners in the Netherlands and their willingness to switch to more sustainable feeding practices. A survey was distributed to a target group of horse owners in the Netherlands via social media channels. Data (n = 338 valid responses) were stratified based on yard type and size (small (<20), medium (20-50), and large (>50 horses). Most of the yards were livery yards (68 %) and they were small in size (66 %). The term most commonly associated with sustainability was low environmental impact (61.8 %). All participants (338/338) indicated that they were willing to switch to more sustainable feeding practices. Of the six options offered, the most popular was the use of plastic-free packaging products (60.5 %). This study identified that numerically the greatest change in behavior for the Dutch equestrian community would be achieved by small livery yards (P < 0.001). The potential to modify certain practices might be limited by the size of the equestrian operation, such as the available land for altering pasture management, and the financial aspects of the enterprise. Future research should investigate how the scale and economic considerations of the equestrian business influence its capacity and willingness to adopt more sustainable feeding practices.
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    Factors associated with a sense of belonging in New Zealand churches
    (2022-08-08) McDonald B
    This article uses data from the New Zealand Church Life Survey to explore attitudes and demographic factors connected with a strong (or weak) sense of belonging among church attenders. The strongest predictors of belonging were agreement that the church ‘is resourcing my spiritual journey well' and ‘How often do you feel encouraged after a worship service?’
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    Caffeine intake, influences and experiences : the development of CaffCo : a New Zealand caffeine consumption habits questionnaire : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2015) Rowe, Karli
    Background: Caffeine is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances worldwide, and can be found in a wide variety of food and beverages. It is regularly used for mental and physical stimulation; however its use has also been linked to adverse effects such as uncontrollable tremors, headaches, hospitalisation and even death. The caffeine intake of New Zealanders is unknown. There is currently no comprehensive tool available to assess caffeine intake patterns, influences, and adverse experiences in the New Zealand adult population. Aim: To develop a questionnaire that accurately evaluates caffeine intake patterns, influences on consumption, and positive and negative experiences across a range of caffeinated products in New Zealand adults aged 15 years and over. Method: The caffeine consumption habits questionnaire (CaffCo) was developed in two stages. Firstly, seven focus groups (n=43) were conducted across a range of demographic groups to explore factors influencing the consumption of tea, coffee, chocolate, kola drinks, energy drinks, caffeinated alcoholic premixed beverage (RTDs), caffeinated sports supplements, and caffeine tablets. Focus groups were audio recorded and then transcribed. NVivo software was used for qualitative analysis of the transcripts. Sections of text were coded by inductive analysis into 4 key themes, each with their own set of theme descriptors. Findings from the thematic analysis were then used to develop a draft of the online CaffCo using Qualtrics online survey software. Online pilot testing of CaffCo was then undertaken among focus group participants, academic staff and community members (n=227). The pilot test participants provided feedback on the comprehensibility and ease of use of the questionnaire. Results: From thematic analysis of the focus group transcripts four main themes which influenced caffeinated product intake were identified. These were social drivers, environmental opportunity, functional expectations and individual experiences. The questionnaire items were derived from associations of products with theme descriptors. ii Conclusion: The caffeine consumption habits questionnaire CaffCo was successfully developed as a result of this study. CaffCo has the potential to be used in New Zealand-wide studies of adults aged 15 years and over, or adapted for use in different population groups / countries to identify potentially harmful patterns of caffeine consumption across a range of caffeinated products. Pilot testing of CaffCo demonstrated an accurate reflection of influences of caffeinated product consumption, and identified three additional influences on consumption. Pilot testing of the resultant questionnaire enabled demonstration of content validity, construct validity and inter-rater reliability. Further testing of the CaffCo to determine test-retest reliability is warranted.
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    Report on the 2010/2011 West Bengal Anglo-Indian Survey: Anglo-Indian Count
    (International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies, 31/08/2015) Andrews RA
    In December 2010 and the first few months of 2011 a survey was conducted in West Bengal which collected demographic information on the Anglo-Indian community. This report describes the methods used and presents selected findings under the headings: educational levels, housing, amenities, card-holding, employment, income, languages spoken, and religion.