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    Influence of nutrient density and feed form on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gastro intestinal tract development in broilers fed wheat-based diets : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2019) Hamungalu, Obright
    This study investigated the influence of nutrient density and feed form, and their interaction on growth performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) and upper gut components of broilers fed wheat-based diets for 35 d post-hatch. A completely randomised design was used, with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement of 10 treatments (with 6 replicates, 8 birds per replicate) involving five dietary nutrient density, VL, very low nutrient density (11.71 MJ/kg AMEn, 13.44 g/kg lysine); L, low nutrient density (12.13 MJ/kg AMEn, 13.92 g/kg lysine); M, medium nutrient density (12.55 MJ/kg AMEn, 14.40 g/kg lysine); H, high nutrient density (12.97 MJ/kg AMEn, 14.88 g/kg lysine); VH, very high nutrient density (13.39 MJ/kg AMEn, 15.36 g/kg lysine) and two feed forms, mash vs. pellet. Nutrient density x feed form interaction was significant (P < 0.05) for weight gain and feed intake during finisher and whole grow-out period, while during starter period the interactive effect was significant (P < 0.05) for weight gain. At each nutrient density level, weight gain and feed intake were higher in birds fed pelleted diets than those fed mash diets, but the advantages of pelleting were greater at the lowest nutrient density. During whole trial period feed per unit gain (F/G) significantly (P < 0.001) improved as the nutrient density level increased, but it deteriorated (P < 0.05) due to pelleting. Effect of feed form was significant (P < 0.01) on bird uniformity, with pelleting having 10 % higher uniformity compared to mash diets. Increasing nutrient density had a significant (P < 0.001) effect on AMEn and coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of nitrogen (N), fat, Ca and P. There was a significant (P < 0.05) interaction between nutrient density and feed form for CAID of DM and GE. Pelleting reduced (P < 0.05) the CAID of DM and GE only in M and VH diets and did not have effect (P > 0.05) on these parameters in other nutrient density diets. Feeding pellets lowered (P < 0.05) the CAID of N and starch. Pelleting significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the absolute weight of gizzard compared to mash diets. The gizzard pH of birds fed pellet diet was higher (P < 0.001) than those fed mash diets. In general, the current results show that the pellet-induced benefits on growth performance reduce as the nutrient density levels increase, highlighting the importance of considering nutrient density to maximise the benefits associated with pellet feeding.
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    Factors influencing the apparent faecal digestibility of energy and organic matter in wheat and wheat by-products (bran and broll) for the growing pig : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutritional Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1998) Lee, Tae Sun
    The effect of several factors on the determination of the apparent faecal digestibility of dietary energy (ADE) and dietary organic matter (ADOM) for the growing pig was studied. The work was conducted in three parts. In the first part of the overall study, the effects of collection method (total faeces collection versus chromic oxide as a marker) and duration of the faeces collection period were examined. Thirty kg liveweight pigs were subjected to a conventional balance study (7 days adaptation, 12 days faeces collection) and were for either a wheat- or wheat byproduct- (broil/bran) based diet. ADE and ADOM were higher (P<0.001) for the wheat diet in comparison to the wheat by-product based diet and in general higher (P<0.001) ADE and ADOM values were found with total collection versus the marker. There was a significant (P<0.001) effect of duration of the collection period. Chromium recovery (%) increased, for both diets, over the first 3 to 4 days of the collection period, but thereafter was relatively constant. The aim of the second part of the study was to determine the influence of the two factors, feeding level (6 or 11% of metabolic liveweight) and liveweight (25 or 90 kg), on ADE and ADOM in the two cereal based diets. Growing pigs were subjected to a conventional balance study and digestibility coefficients were calculated by reference to the indigestible marker, chromic oxide. There were no significant (P>0.05) effect of feeding level but a significant (P<0.05) though relatively small effect of animal liveweight, with digestibility being somewhat higher for the heavier pigs. The third part of the overall study evaluated the effect of genotype on ADE and ADOM for the two cereal based diets. Four-month-old Large White x Landrace pigs, (55 kg liveweight) and three-month-old Kune-Kune pigs (20 kg liveweight) were subjected to a conventional balance study with ADE and ADOM being determined based on a total collection of faeces. When for the wheat by-product based diet the Kune-Kune pigs showed a higher (P<0.001) digestibility of nutrients, no statistically significant difference between genotypes was found for the more digestible wheat based diet.
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    Whole grain inclusion in poultry diets : effects on performance, nutrient utilisation, gut development, caecal microflora profile and coccidiosis challenge : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2013) Singh, Yashpal
    Whole grain feeding has recently received renewed interest in the commercial poultry industry as a mean of lowering feed manufacturing cost. Wheat is the cereal grain of choice for whole grain feeding, despite the fact that globally maize is the most commonly cereal grain. Published data on the use of whole maize in poultry diets are scant. The size of maize grain may be the major reason for the lack of interest in feeding whole maize. The first three experiments of the thesis investigated alternative feeding strategies such as pre-pelleting inclusion or minor modifications such as cracking or coarser grinding to overcome the issue of maize kernel size. Experiment four evaluated whole wheat (WW) feding and examined the interaction between pellet diameter (3.0 vs 4.76 mm) and method of wheat inclusion (ground wheat (GW) or WW pre-and post-pelleting). The intention of using a larger pellet die was to retain the larger wheat particle size in pellets. Experiment five investigated the effect of whole wheat feeding in broilers experimentally challenged with a mixed infection of Eimeria. Pre-pelleting inclusion of 0 to 600 g/kg whole maize replacing (w/w) ground maize in broiler starter diets showed that the weight gain of broilers was poorer despite improvements in gizzard development, nutrient utilisation and pellet quality (Chapter 4). Poor weight gain was due largely to reduced feed intake. Inclusion of 0 to 600 g/kg coarse maize, replacing (w/w) finely-ground maize, in broiler diets in mash form from day 11 to 35 post-hatch resulted in improvements in weight gain and gizzard weight without any negative effect on nutrient utilisation and carcass yield (Chapter 5). Increased caecal counts of beneficial bacteria Lactobacilli spp. and Bifidobacteria spp. and decreased counts of Clostridium spp., Campylobacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp. were also reported. Similarly, feeding diets containing 0 to 600 g/kg coarse maize to laying hens, from 39 to 62weeks of age, had no adverse effects on any production parameters and egg quality (Chapter 6). These results indicated that ground maize in broiler and layer diets could be completely replaced by coarsely ground maize with no adverse effects of bird performance. . Data reported in Chapter 7 showed that the effect of pellet diameter on broiler performance varied depending on the form of wheat and method of WW inclusion. Larger pellet diameter increased the weight gain and lowered feed per gain of birds fed diets with GW and post-pellet inclusion of WW. However, in birds fed diets with pre-pelleting inclusion of WW, the larger pellet diameter lowered weight gain and increased feed per gain, due largely to reduced feed intake which may be attributed partly to poorer pellet quality. Relative gizzard weight was increased by larger pellet diameter with pre-pelleting inclusion of WW, but was unaffected by diets containing GW or post pelleting inclusion of WW. Larger pellet diameter increased the apparent metabolisable energy and ileal starch digestibility, irrespective of method of WW inclusion. These results suggested that, irrespective of whether the wheat grain was milled or added whole post-pelleting, a larger diameter pellet was beneficial. On the other hand, when WW was added pre-pelleting, a smaller diameter pellet resulted in improved weight and feed per gain in broiler performance. In the final experiment (Chapter 8), broilers fed WW either pre-or post-pelleting and experimentally challenged with a mixed Eimeria infection at 21 day of age showed that mortality in challenged birds was highest in those fed diets with WW post-pelleting, followed by pre-pelleted WW and GW (58, 35, and 17%, respectively). The pattern of mortality paralleled the changes in gizzard size, which suggested that WW feeding exacerbated the severity of coccidiosis infection, possibly via a mechanism involving enhanced gizzard development.