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    From international conventions to local park management plans : an analysis of the vertical integrity of Zambia's national park system : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Management at Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) Mwape, Ackim
    National parks, particularly in the Global South, are struggling to achieve their economic, ecological, and socio-cultural objectives and their sustainability is now in question. The challenges faced by national parks cross jurisdictional boundaries, cutting through vertical tiers of governance, from supranational organisations, via national governments, to sub-national entities. Given this complexity, it is extremely challenging to make system-wide improvements. Sustainable national park management requires whole-of-government approaches and policy consistency across different governance levels. Aligned policy frameworks are essential for achieving consistency, driving collaboration, and, ultimately, coherence where subnational actors work together with other actors to achieve common goals towards global challenges. Examining the alignment of policies used across the different governance levels could provide information to help improve sustainable national park management. This study focuses on Zambia’s national park laws, policies, plans, and reports, and particularly how these align with international principles for national park management. Thematic content analysis is used to examine how a set of IUCN national park management principles are considered in Zambia’s national park legislation, policies, plans, and reports. The results reveal wide variation in the extent to which Zambia’s national park laws, policies, plans, and reports reflect the IUCN principles. They highlight isolated outcomes of positive alignment with the IUCN principles both at national and local level, amidst a general picture of uneven support for the IUCN principles. This is because international principles are introduced, or interpreted, contingent on specific local conditions, making it difficult for policymakers to develop local policies that mirror global policy models. A balance between the respect for international principles and an understanding and appreciation of the local context thus appears to be a way for strengthening policy linkages between the global and local. International and local level policymakers retain an important responsibility in this regard.
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    Optimising community development through corporate social responsibility : an examination of the tourism industry in Livingstone, Zambia : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Development Studies at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2016) Chilufya, Andrew K
    This thesis explores the potential for corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of hotel and lodge companies to contribute to community development. A critical review of relevant literature is followed by focused discussions of the CSR practices of these companies, their community engagement approaches for seeking community voices in CSR, and policy frameworks for promoting CSR and managing stakeholder relationships. The empirical domain is the practices of hotel and lodge companies on Mukuni community land in Livingstone, Zambia. The discussion in each of the main empirical chapters is based on the analysis of perspectives and experiences of participants. Primary data was collected by conducting document and website reviews, and interviews with senior government officials, hotel and lodge managers, the local tourism association, leaders of relevant local and international NGOs, and leaders from Mukuni communities. Data was also collected through group interviews, network mapping, and pairwise ranking and comparison analyses with community farmers and crafts traders. Site observation of some CSR projects in communities was also undertaken. Thematic analysis was applied to code and analyse data. A theoretical framework focusing on “ensuring equity in CSR through multi-stakeholder measures” was developed and applied to understand the findings. Study findings suggest that power relations are a critical issue in CSR when initiatives are carried out in poor communities. It is shown that dominant corporate power and traditional power and cultural influences of community leaders, coupled with weak policy frameworks for promoting CSR and managing stakeholder interactions, are the main factors that determine the effectiveness of CSR as a vehicle for community development. These findings show that although criticisms are justifiably targeted mainly at corporations, communities and government also fall short in a number of ways as parties in promoting CSR. In view of these findings, key stakeholders, including government, hotels and lodges and communities, are challenged to adapt their respective policies, structures, mentalities and practices to ensure equity in CSR. The study has shown that multi-stakeholder involvement in CSR can encourage equity and might be helpful in shifting CSR from reflecting company interests alone to interests and needs of communities. This argument is based on evidence that in some cases, measures that seek to encourage multi-stakeholder involvement in CSR have proved to contribute to promoting equity and to widely spreading opportunities and benefits. It has also been shown that the role of government and other stakeholders is important for improving the overall effectiveness of CSR as a vehicle for community development.
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    Seasonal rural household food insecurity in Zambia : a case study of Mutanda : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Applied Science (Rural Development), Massey University
    (Massey University, 2002) Boardman, Murray P
    Sub-Saharan Africa is recognised as having a high proportion of food insecure people, most of whom live in rural areas and are dependent on subsistence agricultural production. Mutanda, a rural locality in Zambia, was studied to identify the seasonal characteristics of rural household food security. Two surveys (Food Consumption (n = 102) and Farm Systems (n = 42)) were undertaken using both objective and subjective methods. Household food security was assessed using daily meals as a proxy indicator, supported by perception of hunger data. Both the relative size (p < 0.001) and frequencies (p < 0.001) of the daily meals were significantly lower at minimum food consumption (mid December) compared to maximum food consumption (late May). On average, the effective quantity of daily meals at minimum food consumption was reduced to 32% of the intake at maximum food consumption (p < 0.001). During food shortages, 63% of households considered they suffered from a degree of hunger, although no household indicated hunger was a serious issue when food is plentiful. These findings strongly support a conclusion that the Mutanda area suffers from transitory (seasonal) food insecurity. The rationalisation of food consumption is attributed to the vulnerability of being dependent on seasonal agricultural production and the limited opportunities to augment the food supply using other sources. The primary source of food for 98% of households was from their farm/garden. Maize is the dominant crop with only 30% of farmers investing in some form of agricultural inputs. As a secondary source of food, 36% of households use income as a means of food acquisition. The survey results highlight households using income to purchase food had a greater quantity of meals at minimum food consumption (p < 0.001), although the use of improved storage did not show a significant increase in food consumption during food shortages (p = 0.227). The results also present qualified support that seasonal variation in food consumption can be reduced through an increase in farm area, diversification of crops and the increased use of agricultural inputs. As the study concludes that no single intervention eliminated the seasonal variation in food security, multiple strategies are presented to reduce the seasonal dependence of agricultural production. These include establishing a formalised local food market, increasing agricultural production and improving storage utilisation through education. The implications of these strategies on policy, both for governments and development organisations, are briefly discussed. Keywords: Food security, food insecurity, daily meals, food consumption, seasonality, agricultural production, Zambia.
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    The successful integration of smallholders in vertical coordination arrangements : experiences of the KASCOL model in Zambia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of AgriCommerce at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2011) Mungandi, Sepiso
    Agribusiness firms have been increasingly engaging in closer vertical coordination arrangements in order to better meet their customer‟s changing needs. On the other hand, as the fight against poverty in developing countries continues, policy makers seek ways in which they can reduce this poverty. One such way has been to integrate smallholders in vertical coordination arrangements. However, reports show that this has been with little success. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine a successful experience of smallholder inclusion in a vertical coordination chain, in order to determine the reasons underpinning such a success. The case under investigation was the Kaleya Smallholders Company Limited, a model operating within the Zambian sugar industry. The research design was qualitative in nature, with 20 in-depth interviews being conducted with representatives of the four main stakeholder groups to the model: Kaleya Smallholders Trust; Kaleya Smallholders Company Ltd; Zambia Sugar Company; and the smallholders. The results show that the model, which had been in existence for 30 years, was able to increase the smallholders‟ participation over time. The variables explaining the success of this model are classified as follows: (1) the context that created an enabling environment for profit and healthy interdependency; (2) the governance structure that allowed balance of power relationships; (3) the managerial skills, which were instrumental in operational efficiencies; and (4) the growth of social capital. The conclusion is that, although context, governance structures and managerial competence were necessary factors for the sustainability of the model, the variables related to social capital were determinant for the long-term successful integration of the smallholders. The results obtained in this study cannot be generalised to other contexts, due to the nature of the research design, but they have led to some useful implications, among them being: the need for managers to not only correctly establish their governance and management, but also to correctly establish their social capital; and the need for the government to become involved in the initial stages of developmental projects involving smallholders, in order to help reduce the power imbalance between smallholders and firms.
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    Geographical information systems and natural resource management in Zambia : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Masters degree in Environmental Management at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2010) Mwape, Ackim
    Natural resources play a critical role in the welfare of developing countries. In Zambia, even though its vast natural resources have been important to its economy as well as its people, their exploitation has resulted in severe land and environmental degradation in most parts of the country. Reliable information as to the exact extent and degree of natural resources problems is critically lacking. For effective control and management of these natural resources problems, timely, up‐to‐date, accurate and complete spatial data are needed. The integrated application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing to model natural resources management data, especially at regional level, is presented in this dissertation. Three case studies in Zambia are presented and free, internet‐based, datasets are used to demonstrate the application of GIS to support natural resource management decisions in Zambia. The results of the case studies show that while data‐gathering obstacles remain in the use of GIS in Zambia, the systems can be used successfully to fill gaps in decision‐making in natural resources management. The results of the case studies have been used to make recommendations as a way forward for the use of GIS and remote sensing data in natural resource management in Zambia. Finally, selected technical issues associated with data access, data incompatibility and data accuracy are identified as important areas of future research.