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    Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Associated With Body Composition and Metabolic Profiles of Pacific and New Zealand European Women With Different Metabolic Disease Risks.
    (Frontiers Media SA, 26/05/2021) Slater J; Kruger R; Douwes J; O'Brien WJ; Corbin M; Miles-Chan JL; Breier BH
    Objective: To assess associations between physical activity (PA), body composition, and biomarkers of metabolic health in Pacific and New Zealand European (NZE) women who are known to have different metabolic disease risks. Methods: Pacific (n = 142) or NZE (n = 162) women aged 18-45 years with a self-reported body mass index (BMI) of either 18.5-25.0 kg⋅m-2 or ≥30.0 kg⋅m-2 were recruited and subsequently stratified as either low (<35%) or high (≥35%) BF%, with approximately half of each group in either category. Seven-day accelerometery was used to assess PA levels. Fasting blood was analysed for biomarkers of metabolic health, and whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to estimate body composition. Results: Mean moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; min⋅day-1) levels differed between BF% (p < 0.05) and ethnic (p < 0.05) groups: Pacific high- 19.1 (SD 15.2) and low-BF% 26.3 (SD 15.6) and NZE high- 30.5 (SD 19.1) and low-BF% 39.1 (SD 18.4). On average Pacific women in the low-BF% group engaged in significantly less total PA when compared to NZE women in the low-BF% group (133 cpm); no ethnic difference in mean total PA (cpm) between high-BF% groups were observed: Pacific high- 607 (SD 185) and low-BF% 598 (SD 168) and NZE high- 674 (SD 210) and low-BF% 731 (SD 179). Multiple linear regression analysis controlling for age and deprivation showed a significant inverse association between increasing total PA and fasting plasma insulin among Pacific women; every 100 cpm increase in total PA was associated with a 6% lower fasting plasma insulin; no significant association was observed in NZE women. For both Pacific and NZE women, there was an 8% reduction in fasting plasma insulin for every 10-min increase in MVPA (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Increases in total PA and MVPA are associated with lower fasting plasma insulin, thus indicating a reduction in metabolic disease risk. Importantly, compared to NZE, the impact of increased total PA on fasting insulin may be greater in Pacific women. Considering Pacific women are a high metabolic disease risk population, these pre-clinical responses to PA may be important in this population; indicating promotion of PA in Pacific women should remain a priority.
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    An exploration of body composition in healthy early and full term infants using air displacement plethysmography shortly after birth : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) Beauchamp, Annaliese Helena
    Background: The Developmental Origin of Health and Disease theory suggests environmental factors during gestation are important early predictors of later disease. There is a wealth of evidence identifying an association between low and extreme birth weights and an increased risk of adverse health outcomes in later life. The importance of growth in early life led to standardised monitoring of body weight, length and head circumference at birth and throughout infancy. Evidence now suggests body composition, specifically adiposity, in early life to be a better marker of poor health outcomes in later life. Gestation is a continuum and during each week of gestation the foetus continues to accrue fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM), which are not routinely measured at birth. Development of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) presents a valid and reliable technique to measure FM and FFM of infants at birth. Majority of infants are born at term gestation (37 to <42 weeks). Early term infants (37 to <39 weeks) have a higher risk of developing adverse clinical outcomes and later health issues compared to full term infants (39 to <42 weeks). It is currently unknown whether there are differences in FM and FFM between infants born early versus full term. Aim: To investigate the FM and FFM of healthy early and full term New Zealand (NZ) infants within three days of birth. Methods: Healthy term infants were recruited from Auckland City Hospital (ACH), NZ as part of this cross-sectional observation study. Weight, length and waist circumference were measured using standardised techniques. ADP was used to measure FM and FFM of infants. Infants were grouped into early or full term categories. Waist circumference was divided by length to give the waist to length ratio (WLR). Two indices of length-normalised body composition were calculated: a FM index (FMI) and FFM index (FFMI) derived by dividing FM and FFM values (kg) by length2 (m2). Independent 2-tailed t-tests were used to compare the body composition measurements between early and full term infants and between genders. Results: 255 healthy term infants were recruited. There were no differences in the percentage of FM and FFM between early term and full term infants (10.2±4.0% vs 11.1±4.1%, P=0.109 and 90.0±4.0% vs 89.0±4.1%, P=0.110). Full term infants had significantly higher FMI and FFMI compared to early term infants (1.44±0.6 vs 1.26±0.06, P=0.02 and 11.3±1.0 vs 10.8±0.96, P<0.001). Early term males had significantly heavier body weights (P=0.04), FFM (2793.1±332.9g vs 2619.7±315.4g, P=0.003), FFM % (90.8±3.8% vs 88.7±4.0%, P=0.009), FMI (1.15±0.55 vs 1.38±0.56, P=0.039) and lower FM % (9.2±3.8% vs 11.3±4.0%, P=0.009) than female early term infants. No gender differences within full term infants were noted in FM (g), FFM (g), FM %, FFM %, FMI or FFMI. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest full term infants continue to gain FM and FFM along the same trajectories as that at early term gestation although they have greater FMI and FFMI than early term infants. While there were gender differences in body composition noted between early term infants, they were no longer apparent within the full term infants. This study identified the need to investigate the body composition changes of healthy early and full term infants at different time periods following birth. This will allow observation of factors which influence body composition in early life.
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    Associations between physical activity, body composition, nutrient intake, and bone mineral density in pre-menopausal Pacific Island women living in New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2015) Casale, Maria
    Background/Aim: Anecdotally it is suggested that Pacific Island women have good bone mineral density (BMD); however little evidence for this or for associated factors exists. The aim of this study is to explore associations between several key predictors of bone health with bone mineral density, as measured by BMD (g/cm2), in pre-menopausal Pacific Island women. Methods: Healthy pre-menopausal Pacific Island women (n=91; age 16-45y) were recruited. Participants’ body composition and total body BMD were assessed using DXA and air-displacement plethysmography (BodPod). A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and current bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (cBPAQ) were completed. Variables that significantly correlated with BMD were applied to a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean BMD was 1.1 g/cm2 ± 0.08. Bone-free, fat-free lean mass only (LMO, 52.4kg ± 6.9) and total mass (90.4kg ± 19) were the only factors to show a significant correlation with BMD. Body-fat (38.4% ± 7.6), cBPAQ score (1.7 (0.4,5.2)), and dietary calcium (1016mg ± 442), protein (18% ± 3.8) and vitamin C (125mg (94, 216)) showed no correlation with BMD. The regression analysis suggests that LMO is the most important predictor of BMD, explaining 13.4% of the variance, while total mass accounts for a further 2.5% of the variance. Together, these factors explain a total of 15.9% of the variability. Conclusions: LMO is the strongest predictor of BMD, while many established contributors to bone health (calcium, physical activity, protein, and vitamin C) do not appear to be associated with BMD in this population. As just 15.9% of the variability can be explained, further research is needed in this area.
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    Correlation between body condition score and body composition in a rat model for obesity research
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, 8/07/2022) Siriarchavatana P; Kruger MC; Wolber F
    The incidences of obesity-associated chronic diseases are increasing worldwide. Research into the causes of obesity as well as potential treatments has highlighted the crucial role of preclinical studies using animal models. Rats are one of the most widely used species in obesity research. However, even with decades of research in both genetically obese rats and diet-induced obese rat models, definitive criteria to practically classify levels of obesity in the rat are not well established. The current study proposes new criteria modified from a 5-point body condition score (BCS) using in an animal health monitoring system and added a half-point scale to extend the range of body weight associated with subcutaneous fat deposition. The modified criteria were tested and compared with body composition from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and selected adipose tissue weights. The results showed that the modified body condition scale was highly correlated with fat deposition in the rat body, particularly the visceral and inguinal fat pads. Both pads were closely related to changes in some specific landmarks used for the scale determination. These finding should extrapolate to obese rats in other models, with the advantage that data classified in BCS can pair the animal data with human body mass index. This will enhance the value of information from preclinical studies to design and predict outcomes of subsequent human clinical trials.