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    Using latent profile analysis to understand caregiver response to their rainbow children in Aotearoa New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University, Distance, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2025) Westerbaan, Andrina Anne
    Parent and primary caregiver acceptance, rejection or a combination of acceptance and rejection of a child with a rainbow/LGBTQIA+ identity is influential in either reducing or contributing to poor health and well-being outcomes experienced by young rainbow people. Considering the persistent health and well-being disparities experienced by rainbow people and the influence of parent and caregiver response on their rainbow children, there is a need to better understand this nuanced group of parents and caregivers. This cross-sectional study replicated the work of Clark et al. (2022) who proposed that parents with rainbow children could be classified into three groups based on response to their rainbow child. It is unclear if the same classifications apply to Aotearoa New Zealand’s unique cultural context. Online survey responses from parents and caregivers (N = 140) living in Aotearoa New Zealand, with at least one rainbow identifying child under 30 years of age, was collected to clarify whether the same three classes exist. Descriptive statistics were run using SPSS. Latent profile analysis was run using tidyLPA and mclust in R Studio to identify parent and caregiver response classes, of which two were found: positive (n = 120, 85.71%) and mixed (n = 20, 14.29%). An examination of the differences between response class, demographics, time since and age at initial rainbow identity disclosure, caregiver attachment style, parenting style, religiosity and ethnic group acceptance were conducted using SPSS. Significant differences were detected between response classes based on participant gender identity, ethnicity, relationship to their rainbow child, parenting style, and religiosity. Results indicate that there is a distinct group of parents and caregivers in Aotearoa New Zealand who may benefit from additional support in addressing conflicting responses towards their rainbow child so that they can become a safer and more encouraging support for their rainbow child.
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    Intersectional perspectives of parents of transgender children in Aotearoa (New Zealand)
    (Taylor and Francis Group, 2024-02-27) de Bres J; Morrison-Young I
    Introduction This article explores the intersectional perspectives of parents of transgender children in Aotearoa (New Zealand). The substantial body of research on parent experiences in this area has largely focused on parents who are white North American middle-class cisgender women. We seek to extend this research by taking an intersectional approach and examining the perspectives of a group of participants of different genders, sexual orientations, and cultural backgrounds. Methods We asked 20 participants in Aotearoa who self-identified as gender-affirming parents to draw their experience of parenting a transgender child and discuss this with us in interview. Results The research resulted in rich visual and verbal depictions of gender-affirming parenting, drawing from the intersectional perspectives of Māori, Pākehā, Pacific, Asian, queer, straight, female, male and non-binary parents. Using visual and verbal discourse analysis, we explore how the participants constructed their experience from their uniquely situated perspectives, both specific and multilayered. Conclusion We argue that the parents’ perspectives reveal both challenges and strengths, reflecting the burdens of intersectional oppression, while also fostering the parents’ capacity for engaging in discursive resistance to advance their children’s interests.
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    Storm Clouds and Rainbows: Visual Metaphors of Parents of Transgender Children in Aotearoa (New Zealand)
    (Taylor and Francis Group, 2023-07-12) de Bres J; Morrison-Young I
    This article explores the discourses parents adopt to support their transgender children in Aotearoa (New Zealand). Previous research with parents is limited by its focus on trauma rather than resistance and its lack of attention to intersectional experiences. To investigate how parents resist gender-based oppression, we use the method of reflective drawing, asking twenty parents of diverse social and cultural backgrounds to draw their experience of parenting a transgender child and discuss this in interview. We identified eight visual metaphors of storm clouds and rainbows, a maze, family portraits, blank space, standing side-by-side, hearts, arches, and question marks. These represent parent discourses of family resilience, personal transformation, shifting gender ideologies, depathologisation, child-led parenting, unconditional love, protection, and uncertainty about their child’s future. The parents’ discourses serve several interests: enabling them to focus on the hope of overcoming adversity, foreground the positive aspects of raising a transgender child, justify their gender-affirming approach, reframe their family gender ideologies, normalize their child’s experience, deflect stigma from their child and themselves, construct themselves as good parents, draw strength from solidarity, and express incertitude about what lies ahead. These provide parents with a means of enacting discursive resistance, with potential for driving broader social change.
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    Recruitment and Retention of Parents of Adolescents in a Text Messaging Trial (MyTeen): Secondary Analysis From a Randomized Controlled Trial
    (JMIR Publications, 2021-12-20) Chu JTW; Wadham A; Jiang Y; Stasiak K; Shepherd M; Bullen C
    Background: Parenting programs are well established as an effective strategy for enhancing both parenting skills and the well-being of the child. However, recruitment for family programs in clinical and nonclinical settings remains low. Objective: This study aims to describe the recruitment and retention methods used in a text messaging program (MyTeen) trial for parents of adolescents (10-15 years) and identify key lessons learned. We aim to provide insights and direction for researchers who seek to recruit parents and build on the limited literature on recruitment and retention strategies for parenting program trials. Methods: A recruitment plan was developed, monitored, and modified as needed throughout the course of the project. Strategies to facilitate recruitment were identified (eg, program content and recruitment material, staff characteristics, and study procedures). Traditional and web-based recruitment strategies were used. Results: Over a 5-month period, 319 parents or caregivers expressed interest in our study, of which 221 agreed to participate in the study, exceeding our recruitment target of 214 participants. Attrition was low at the 1-month (4.5% overall; intervention group: n=5, 4.6%; control group: n=5, 4.5%) and 3-month follow-ups (9% overall; intervention group: n=10, 9.2%; control group: n=10, 8.9%). Conclusions: The use of web-based recruitment strategies appeared to be most effective for recruiting and retaining parents in a text-messaging program trial. However, we encountered recruitment challenges (ie, underrepresentation of ethnic minority groups and fathers) similar to those reported in the literature. Therefore, efforts to engage ethnic minorities and fathers are needed. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000117213; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374307