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    Maternal depressive symptoms in and beyond the perinatal period: Associations with infant and preschooler sleep
    (Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society, 2024-10-29) Carter ML; Paine S-J; Sweeney BM; Taylor J; Signal TL
    Study Objectives (1) To describe sleep in infancy and early childhood among children born to mothers with and without clinically significant depressive symptoms, and (2) to explore the relationships between maternal depressive symptoms and sleep patterns and problems during infancy and early childhood. Methods Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from the Moe Kura: Mother and Child, Sleep and Wellbeing in Aotearoa/New Zealand study. Data were collected in pregnancy (T1), 12 weeks postpartum (T2), and 3 years post-birth (T3). Participants were 262 Māori and 594 non-Māori mother–child dyads. Chi-square and independent t-tests measured bivariate associations between maternal mood (T1, T2, and T3) and child sleep characteristics (T2 and T3). Binary logistic regression models examined longitudinal and concurrent associations between maternal depressive symptoms and infant and preschooler sleep. Adjusted models accounted for key socio-demographic variables, as well as infant sleep variables in preschooler models. Results Bivariate associations were found between prior and concurrent depressive symptomology and many of the infant and preschooler sleep outcomes. In adjusted models, prenatal depressive symptoms remained independently associated with shorter-than-recommended sleep durations in preschoolers. In these models, concurrent depression was also associated with night waking, night LSRSP, and perceived sleep problems at 12 weeks postpartum, and CSHQ-determined and perceived sleep problems at 3 years post-birth. Conclusions Longitudinal and cross-sectional associations were found between maternal depressive symptoms and child sleep. Sleep appears to be one pathway by which maternal depression confers risk for suboptimal child health outcomes. Findings support the need for earlier and better maternal mental health services.
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    The temporal association of caffeine and sleep in young adults : a thesis completed in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2024) Suckling, Sarah
    Background: Young adults commonly experience poor sleep health due to various factors such as screen use, delaying bedtime, and high consumption of caffeine. Caffeine, a widely used psychostimulant, is known to negatively affect sleep quality by making it harder to fall asleep and reducing the time spent in REM sleep. Good sleep health is crucial for optimal mental and physical well-being and daytime performance. Despite young adults being one of the largest consumers of caffeinated products, particularly energy drinks, there's limited research on how this affects the sleep health of young adults, especially in New Zealand. Studies have revealed a bidirectional relationship between caffeine and sleep health, where reliance on caffeine during waking hours can lead to poorer sleep quality, creating a cycle of dependence. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the temporal associations between caffeine intake and sleep outcomes in young adults (18-25 years). This was investigated by assessing whether caffeine intake (dosage and timing) affected the subsequent nights sleep outcomes (duration, quality and timing), and whether sleep outcomes (duration, quality and timing) could affect the following days caffeine intake. Method: This study used GTX actigraphy and diary data to assess 7-days of sleep and caffeine intake information from 52 young adults (mean age: 22.06 + 2.043 years, 87% female). Diary data reported subjective sleep outcomes and caffeine intake and timing and actigraphy data was scored and analysed on computer software (Actilife, Version 6.1.2) then merged and aligned with diary data. Mixed linear regression models were used to analyse whether caffeine dosage and timing could predict sleep outcomes for the subsequent night’s sleep. Lagged effects were used to assess whether sleep duration, quality and timing could predict the following days caffeine intake. Both within person and between person variables were assessed. Results: Our results found as people consumed more than their personal average caffeine intake across the 7-days they slept longer, but, as people consumed more than the group average, their sleep was shorter. We also found that when someone slept longer than their personal average across the 7-days, they consumed more caffeine the next day, and when people slept longer than the group average they consumed more caffeine the following day. No association was found between caffeine timing and sleep outcomes, or caffeine intake on sleep efficiency and mid-point of sleep. Nor was any association found between sleep efficiency or mid-point of sleep on caffeine intake the following day. Conclusion: We found that caffeine consumption can adversely affect sleep duration, and sleep duration can predict the following days caffeine intake, creating a cyclic effect. Further research is required to determine how caffeine dosage and timing can impact other sleep variables such as quality and sleep timing. Due to the adverse effects that inadequate sleep duration can have on health and wellbeing and the extensive research on how caffeine intake can lead to shorter sleep duration, it would be valuable for remedies to be put in place to reduce caffeine intake in young adults.
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    Social Jetlag and Cardiometabolic Risk in Preadolescent Children
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2021-10-07) Castro N; Diana J; Blackwell J; Faulkner J; Lark S; Skidmore P; Hamlin M; Signal L; Williams MA; Stoner L; Barseghian A
    Objective: Childhood cardiometabolic disease risk (CMD) has been associated with short sleep duration. Its relationship with other aspects of sleep should also be considered, including social jetlag (SJL) which represents the difference between a person's social rhythms and circadian clock. This study investigated whether childhood CMD risk is associated with sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and SJL. Study Design: The observational study included 332 children aged 8-10 years (48.5% female). The three independent variables were sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and SJL. SJL was calculated as the variation in hours between the midpoint of sleep during free (weekend) days and work/school days. Eleven cardiometabolic biomarkers were measured, including central blood pressure, lipids, glycated hemoglobin, arterial wave reflection, and glucose. Underlying CMD risk factors were identified using factor analysis. Results: Four underlying CMD risk factors were identified using factor analysis: blood pressure, cholesterol, vascular health, and carbohydrate metabolism. Neither sleep disturbances nor sleep duration were significantly associated with any of the four CMD factors following adjustments to potential confounders. However, SJL was significantly linked to vascular health (p = 0.027) and cholesterol (p = 0.025). Conclusion: These findings suggest that SJL may be a significant and measurable public health target for offsetting negative CMD trajectories in children. Further studies are required to determine biological plausibility.