Browsing by Author "Burkitt L"
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- ItemCorrection to: A Framework for Reviewing Silvopastoralism: A New Zealand Hill Country Case Study (Land, (2021), 10, 12, (1386)(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-03-22) Mackay-Smith TH; Burkitt L; Reid J; López IF; Phillips CThe authors would like to make the following correction to the published article [1]. There was a miscommunication with the journal editors regarding the formatting of the table. Individual points within table boxes were removed for the final manuscript so there were duplicate references in each table box. The following changes were made to the references in Table 2: “McIvor et al. [42]” was removed from Page 8; “Charlton et al. [25]” was removed from Page 10; “Marden and Phillips [49]”, “Charlton et al. [25]” and “Boffa Miskell Limited [50]” × 2 were removed from Page 11 and from Page 10. Additionally, colons were added between references where necessary. Other changes include the following: “survivial” was changed to “survival” on Page 11; “Quantatiative” was changed to “quantitative” on Page 11; to was removed on Page 11; “precence” was changed to “presence” on Page 13; “11.5 year old” was changed to “11.5-year-old” on Page 8; “16 year-old” was changed to “16-year-old” on Page 8; “32.0-year-old” was changed to “32-year-old” on Page 8; and “5.0, 7.0 and 9.5 year old” changed to “5, 7, and 9.5 years old”. Finally, “≥25 m” was changed to “>30 m” and “10–20 m” was changed to 8–20 m” on Page 7 due to ongoing research refining the sizes of the tree. The corrected Table 2 appears below. Tree attributes for poplar (Populus spp.) and kānuka (Kunzea spp.) in a New Zealand hill country silvopastoral system. Tree attributes have been adapted from Wood [15]. The photographs were taken by the lead author. The following changes were made to the references in Table 3: “Guevara-Escobar et al. [26]” and “Wall [27]” were removed from Page 14, and “Guevara-Escobar et al. [26]” was removed from Page 16. Additionally, the Table 3 header was moved to the left and the font size of Table 3 was adjusted to size 8. The corrected Table 3 appears below. Silvopastoral outcomes for poplar (Populus spp.) and kānuka (Kunzea spp.) in a New Zealand hill country silvopastoral system. Tree outcomes have been adapted from Wood [15]. There was an error in the original publication. “Forst.” should be “(G. Forst.) Oerst.” A correction has been made to Section 1. Introduction, paragraph 1: Page 1. There was an error in the original publication. “>15” has been changed to “> 15”. A correction has been made to Section 1. Introduction, paragraph 3: Page 1. There was an error in the original publication. “(Populus spp.)” and “(Salix spp.)” have been removed. A correction has been made to Section 3.1. Poplar and Willow, paragraph 1: Page 5. There was an error in the original publication. “40 year” has been changed to “40-year”. A correction has been made to Section 3.1. Poplar and Willow, paragraph 2: Page 5. There was an error in the original publication. “serotine” should be “serotina”. A correction has been made to Section 3.2. Kānuka, paragraph 1: Page 6. There was an error in the original publication. “(Leptospermum scoparium)” has been removed. A correction has been made to Section 3.2. Kānuka, paragraph 2: Page 6. There was an error in the original publication. The reference “[23,24,25]” should be “[25]”. A correction has been made to Section 4.1. The interaction of Poplar and Kānuka with the Pasture and Soil, paragraph 5: Page 21. There was an error in the original publication. “400-years-old” should be “400 years old”. A correction has been made to Section 4.2. Longevity, paragraph 1: Page 21. There was an error in the original publication. Reference [80] should be removed after kiwi-fruit orchards. A correction has been made to Section 4.6. Bird biodiversity, paragraph 2: Page 22. There was an error in the original publication. “2 year” should be “2-year”. A correction has been made to Section 4.6. Bird biodiversity, paragraph 2: Page 22. There was an error in the original publication. “(Leptospermum scoparium)” has been removed. A correction has been made to Section 4.7. Additional Income, paragraph 1: Page 23. There was an error in the original publication. “7-years-old” should be “7 years old”. A correction has been made to Section 4.7. Additional Income, paragraph 3: Page 23. There was an error in the original publication. Reference [46] has been changed to [52]. A correction has been made to Section 4.7. Additional Income, paragraph 4: Page 23. There was an error in the original publication. reference [52] should be “Ministry for Primary Industries. Forest land in the ETS. Available online: https://www.mpi.govt.nz/forestry/forestry-in-the-emissions-trading-scheme/forest-land-in-the-ets/ (accessed on 8 May 2020)”. A correction has been made to References section: Page 27. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. The original publication has also been updated.
- ItemThe Behaviour of Sheep around a Natural Waterway and Impact on Water Quality during Winter in New Zealand(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-04-25) Bunyaga A; Corner-Thomas R; Draganova I; Kenyon P; Burkitt L; Giuseppe PAccess of livestock, such as cattle, to waterways has been shown to be a cause of poor water quality due to pugging damage and excretion entering the water. In New Zealand, regulations require that cattle, deer, and pigs are excluded from accessing waterways, but there are no such requirements for sheep. The current study utilised 24 h video cameras, global positioning system units, and triaxial accelerometers to observe the interaction of Romney ewes (n = 40) with a natural waterway. Ewes were either restricted (week 1) or given access to a reticulated water trough (week 2). Proximity data showed that ewes spent more time within 3 m of the waterway when the trough was unrestricted than when restricted (14.1 ± 5.7 and 10.8 ± 5.1 min/ewe/day, respectively; p < 0.05). Ewes travelled shorter distances on the steeper areas of paddock than flatter areas. Similarly, ewes showed a spatial preference for the flat and low sloped areas of the paddock. Concentrations of suspended sediment and total phosphorus were higher during access to a reticulated water trough which coincided with the week with more rainy days. Phosphorus and E. coli concentrations in the stream water samples were the above recommended Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council water quality guidelines, especially after rainy days, but did not appear to be directly related to sheep activity. Overall, the results suggest that during winter, ewes interacted very little with the waterway and were thus unlikely to influence the levels of nutrient and pathogens in the waterway.
- ItemThe importance of incorporating geology, soil, and landscape knowledge in freshwater farm planning in Aotearoa New Zealand(2022-09-02) Bretherton M; Burkitt LOver half of Aotearoa New Zealand’s (NZ’s) land area is under agriculture or forestry production. Long term monitoring has shown declines in freshwater quality in regions with the most intensive agriculture. The New Zealand government has historically focused on reducing the impact of agriculture on water quality through its Resource Management Act 1991. Lack of improvement in freshwater quality has resulted in the 2020 Essential Freshwater package of reforms which will require all pastoral farms >20 ha in size and all arable farms > 5 ha in size to develop a Freshwater Farm Plan (FFP) by a certified Freshwater Farm Planner. As far as we are aware, New Zealand is the first country in the world to mandate compulsory FFPs. This paper describes the key geological, soil, and landscape factors that need to be considered in an FFP for it to be successful in meeting the 2020 Essential Freshwater objectives. We argue that a greater emphasis should be placed on understanding a farm’s natural resources, as they provide the physical interface between the farming system and both the freshwater and atmospheric ecosystems. Documenting our learning in this area could assist other countries considering Freshwater Farm Planning as a strategy to reduce the impact of agriculture on freshwater quality.