Browsing by Author "Costa M"

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    Determinants and Consequences of Financial Constraints: A Review of the Empirical Literature
    (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2021-09-01) Habib A; Costa M; Jia J
    We synthesise the empirical literature on the determinants and consequences of financial constraints in the disciplines of accounting and finance, critique the findings, and offer suggestions for future research. A prolonged run of financial constraints can eventually lead to corporate failure, because a company’s financial performance depends on its ease of access to external financing. Determinants of financial constraints encompass firm-level fundamental, macro-economic, and corporate governance variables, with an overwhelming majority of papers using the investment-cash flow sensitivity model for measuring financial constraints. We also review the empirical literature on the consequences of financial constraints. Financial constraints lead to higher cash holdings, less asymmetric cost behaviour, and fewer innovations. Constrained firms also use income-increasing accruals more aggressively than unconstrained firms do. Finally, financially constrained firms avoid taxes in order to produce temporary cash tax savings.
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    Resilience of Faecal Microbiota in Stabled Thoroughbred Horses Following Abrupt Dietary Transition between Freshly Cut Pasture and Three Forage-Based Diets
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-09-06) Fernandes KA; Rogers CW; Gee EK; Kittelmann S; Bolwell CF; Bermingham EN; Biggs PJ; Thomas DG; Costa M
    The management of competition horses in New Zealand often involves rotations of short periods of stall confinement and concentrate feeding, with periods of time at pasture. Under these systems, horses may undergo abrupt dietary changes, with the incorporation of grains or concentrate feeds to the diet to meet performance needs, or sudden changes in the type of forage fed in response to a lack of fresh or conserved forage. Abrupt changes in dietary management are a risk factor for gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances, potentially due to the negative effects observed on the population of GI microbiota. In the present study, the faecal microbiota of horses was investigated to determine how quickly the bacterial communities; (1) responded to dietary change, and (2) stabilised following abrupt dietary transition. Six Thoroughbred mares were stabled for six weeks, consuming freshly cut pasture (weeks 1, 3 and 5), before being abruptly transitioned to conserved forage-based diets, both offered ad libitum. Intestinal markers were administered to measure digesta transit time immediately before each diet change. The conserved forage-based diets were fed according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design (weeks 2, 4 and 6), and comprised a chopped ensiled forage fed exclusively (Diet FE) or with whole oats (Diet FE + O), and perennial ryegrass hay fed with whole oats (Diet H + O). Faecal samples were collected at regular intervals from each horse following the diet changes. High throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to evaluate the faecal microbiota. There were significant differences in alpha diversity across diets (p < 0.001), and a significant effect of diet on the beta diversity (ANOSIM, p = 0.001), with clustering of samples observed by diet group. There were differences in the bacterial phyla across diets (p < 0.003), with the highest relative abundances observed for Firmicutes (62 - 64%) in the two diets containing chopped ensiled forage, Bacteroidetes (32-38%) in the pasture diets, and Spirochaetes (17%) in the diet containing hay. Major changes in relative abundances of faecal bacteria appeared to correspond with the cumulative percentage of intestinal markers retrieved in the faeces as the increasing amounts of digesta from each new diet transited the animals. A stable faecal microbiota profile was observed in the samples from 96 h after abrupt transition to the treatment diets containing ensiled chopped forage. The present study confirmed that the diversity and community structure of the faecal bacteria in horses is diet-specific and resilient following dietary transition and emphasised the need to have modern horse feeding management that reflects the ecological niche, particularly by incorporating large proportions of forage into equine diets.
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    Seasonal Variation in the Faecal Microbiota of Mature Adult Horses Maintained on Pasture in New Zealand
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-08-04) Fernandes KA; Gee EK; Rogers CW; Kittelmann S; Biggs PJ; Bermingham EN; Bolwell CF; Thomas DG; Costa M
    Seasonal variation in the faecal microbiota of forage-fed horses was investigated over a 12-month period to determine whether the bacterial diversity fluctuated over time. Horses (n = 10) were maintained on pasture for one year, with hay supplemented from June to October. At monthly intervals, data were recorded on pasture availability and climate (collected continuously and averaged on monthly basis), pasture and hay samples were collected for nutrient analysis, and faecal samples were collected from all horses to investigate the diversity of faecal microbiota using next-generation sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The alpha diversity of bacterial genera was high in all samples (n = 118), with significantly higher Simpson's (p < 0.001) and Shannon-Wiener (p < 0.001) diversity indices observed during the months when horses were kept exclusively on pasture compared to the months when pasture was supplemented with hay. There were significant effects of diet, season, and month (ANOSIM, p < 0.01 for each comparison) on the beta diversity of bacterial genera identified in the faeces. While there was some inter-horse variation, hierarchical clustering of beta diversity indices showed separate clades originating for samples obtained during May, June, and July (late-autumn to winter period), and January, February, and March (a period of drought), with a strong association between bacterial taxa and specific nutrients (dry matter, protein, and structural carbohydrates) and climate variables (rainfall and temperature). Our study supports the hypothesis that the diversity and community structure of the faecal microbiota of horses kept on pasture varied over a 12-month period, and this variation reflects changes in the nutrient composition of the pasture, which in turn is influenced by climatic conditions. The findings of this study may have implications for grazing management and the preparation of conserved forages for those horses susceptible to perturbations of the hindgut microbiota.
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    Transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at square root of s = 7 TeV.
    (AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 9/07/2010) Khachatryan V; Sirunyan AM; Tumasyan A; Adam W; Bergauer T; Dragicevic M; Erö J; Fabjan C; Friedl M; Frühwirth R; Ghete VM; Hammer J; Hänsel S; Hoch M; Hörmann N; Hrubec J; Jeitler M; Kasieczka G; Kiesenhofer W; Krammer M; Liko D; Mikulec I; Pernicka M; Rohringer H; Schöfbeck R; Strauss J; Taurok A; Teischinger F; Waltenberger W; Walzel G; Widl E; Wulz C-E; Mossolov V; Shumeiko N; Suarez Gonzalez J; Benucci L; Ceard L; De Wolf EA; Hashemi M; Janssen X; Maes T; Mucibello L; Ochesanu S; Roland B; Rougny R; Selvaggi M; Van Haevermaet H; Van Mechelen P; Van Remortel N; Adler V; Beauceron S; Blyweert S; D'Hondt J; Devroede O; Kalogeropoulos A; Maes J; Maes M; Tavernier S; Van Doninck W; Van Mulders P; Villella I; Chabert EC; Charaf O; Clerbaux B; De Lentdecker G; Dero V; Gay APR; Hammad GH; Marage PE; Vander Velde C; Vanlaer P; Wickens J; Costantini S; Grunewald M; Klein B; Marinov A; Ryckbosch D; Thyssen F; Tytgat M; Vanelderen L; Verwilligen P; Walsh S; Zaganidis N; Basegmez S; Bruno G; Caudron J; De Favereau De Jeneret J; Delaere C; Demin P; Favart D; Giammanco A; Grégoire G; Hollar J; Lemaitre V; Militaru O; Ovyn S; Pagano D; Pin A; Piotrzkowski K; Quertenmont L; Schul N; Beliy N; Caebergs T; Daubie E; Alves GA; Pol ME; Souza MHG; Carvalho W; Da Costa EM; De Jesus Damiao D; De Oliveira Martins C; Fonseca De Souza S; Mundim L; Oguri V; Santoro A; Silva Do Amaral SM; Sznajder A; Torres Da Silva De Araujo F; Dias FA; Dias MAF; Fernandez Perez Tomei TR; Gregores EM; Marinho F; Novaes SF; Padula SS; Darmenov N; Dimitrov L; Genchev V; Iaydjiev P; Piperov S; Stoykova S; Sultanov G; Trayanov R; Vankov I; Dyulendarova M; Hadjiiska R; Kozhuharov V; Litov L; Marinova E; Mateev M; Pavlov B; Petkov P; Bian JG; Chen GM; Chen HS; Jiang CH; Liang D; Liang S; Wang J; Wang J; Wang X; Wang Z; Yang M; Zang J; Zhang Z; Ban Y; Guo S; Hu Z; Mao Y; Qian SJ; Teng H; Zhu B; Cabrera A; Carrillo Montoya CA; Gomez Moreno B; Ocampo Rios AA; Osorio Oliveros AF; Sanabria JC; 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Jain S; Jain S; Kumar A; Ranjan K; Shivpuri RK; Choudhury RK; Dutta D; Kailas S; Kataria SK; Mohanty AK; Pant LM; Shukla P; Suggisetti P; Aziz T; Guchait M; Gurtu A; Maity M; Majumder D; Majumder G; Mazumdar K; Mohanty GB; Saha A; Sudhakar K; Wickramage N; Banerjee S; Dugad S; Mondal NK; Arfaei H; Bakhshiansohi H; Fahim A; Jafari A; Mohammadi Najafabadi M; Paktinat Mehdiabadi S; Safarzadeh B; Zeinali M; Abbrescia M; Barbone L; Colaleo A; Creanza D; De Filippis N; De Palma M; Dimitrov A; Fedele F; Fiore L; Iaselli G; Lusito L; Maggi G; Maggi M; Manna N; Marangelli B; My S; Nuzzo S; Pierro GA; Pompili A; Pugliese G; Romano F; Roselli G; Selvaggi G; Silvestris L; Trentadue R; Tupputi S; Zito G; Abbiendi G; Benvenuti AC; Bonacorsi D; Braibant-Giacomelli S; Castro A; Cavallo FR; Codispoti G; Dallavalle GM; Fabbri F; Fanfani A; Fasanella D; Giacomelli P; Giunta M; Grandi C; Marcellini S; Masetti G; Montanari A; Navarria FL; Odorici F; Perrotta A; Rossi AM; Rovelli T; Siroli G; Travaglini R; Albergo S; Cappello G; Chiorboli M; Costa S; Tricomi A; Tuve C; Barbagli G; Broccolo G; Ciulli V; Civinini C; D'Alessandro R; Focardi E; Frosali S; Gallo E; Genta C; Lenzi P; Meschini M; Paoletti S; Sguazzoni G; Tropiano A; Benussi L; Bianco S; Colafranceschi S; Fabbri F; Piccolo D; Fabbricatore P; Musenich R; Benaglia A; Cerati GB; De Guio F; Di Matteo L; Ghezzi A; Govoni P; Malberti M; Malvezzi S; Martelli A; Massironi A; Menasce D; Miccio V; Moroni L; Negri P; Paganoni M; Pedrini D; Ragazzi S; Redaelli N; Sala S; Salerno R; Tabarelli de Fatis T; Tancini V; Taroni S; Buontempo S; Cimmino A; De Cosa A; De Gruttola M; Fabozzi F; Iorio AOM; Lista L; Noli P; Paolucci P; Azzi P; Bacchetta N; Bellan P; Bellato M; Biasotto M; Bisello D; Carlin R; Checchia P; De Mattia M; Dorigo T; Fanzago F; Gasparini F; Giubilato P; Gresele A; Lacaprara S; Lazzizzera I; Margoni M; Maron G; Meneguzzo AT; Nespolo M; Perrozzi L; Pozzobon N; Ronchese P; Simonetto F; Torassa E; Tosi M; Triossi A; Vanini S; Zumerle G; Baesso P; Berzano U; Riccardi C; Torre P; Vitulo P; Viviani C; Biasini M; Bilei GM; Caponeri B; Fanò L; Lariccia P; Lucaroni A; Mantovani G; Menichelli M; Nappi A; Santocchia A; Servoli L; Valdata M; Volpe R; Azzurri P; Bagliesi G; Bernardini J; Boccali T; Castaldi R; Dagnolo RT; Dell'Orso R; Fiori F; Foà L; Giassi A; Kraan A; Ligabue F; Lomtadze T; Martini L; Messineo A; Palla F; Palmonari F; Segneri G; Serban AT; Spagnolo P; Tenchini R; Tonelli G; Venturi A; Verdini PG; Barone L; Cavallari F; Del Re D; Di Marco E; Diemoz M; Franci D; Grassi M; Longo E; Organtini G; Palma A; Pandolfi F; Paramatti R; Rahatlou S; Amapane N; Arcidiacono R; Argiro S; Arneodo M; Biino C; Botta C; Cartiglia N; Castello R; Costa M; Demaria N; Graziano A; Mariotti C; Marone M; Maselli S; Migliore E; Mila G; Monaco V; Musich M; Obertino MM; Pastrone N; Pelliccioni M; Romero A; Ruspa M; Sacchi R; Solano A; Staiano A; Trocino D; Vilela Pereira A; Ambroglini F; Belforte S; Cossutti F; Della Ricca G; Gobbo B; Montanino D; 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CMS Collaboration
    Charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions in proton-proton collisions at square root of s = 7  TeV are measured with the inner tracking system of the CMS detector at the LHC. The charged-hadron yield is obtained by counting the number of reconstructed hits, hit pairs, and fully reconstructed charged-particle tracks. The combination of the three methods gives a charged-particle multiplicity per unit of pseudorapidity dN(ch)/dη|(|η|<0.5) = 5.78 ± 0.01(stat) ± 0.23(syst) for non-single-diffractive events, higher than predicted by commonly used models. The relative increase in charged-particle multiplicity from square root of s = 0.9 to 7 TeV is [66.1 ± 1.0(stat) ± 4.2(syst)]%. The mean transverse momentum is measured to be 0.545 ± 0.005(stat) ± 0.015(syst)  GeV/c. The results are compared with similar measurements at lower energies.