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Item Real-time human pose estimation and tracking on monocular videos: A systematic literature review(Elsevier B V, 2025-11-28) Chen Y; Feng Z; Paes D; Nilsson D; Lovreglio RReal-time human pose estimation and tracking on monocular videos is a fundamental task in computer vision with a wide range of applications. Recently, benefiting from deep learning-based methods, it has received impressive progress in performance. Although some works have reviewed and summarised the advancements in this field, few have specifically focused on real-time performance and monocular video-based solutions. The goal of this review is to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive understanding of real-time monocular video-based human pose estimation and tracking, encompassing both 2D and 3D domains, as well as single-person and multi-person scenarios. To achieve this objective, this paper systematically reviews 68 papers published between 2014 and 2024 to answer six research questions. This review brings new insights into computational efficiency measures and hardware configurations of existing methods. Additionally, this review provides a deep discussion on trade-off strategies for accuracy and efficiency in real-time systems. Finally, this review highlights promising directions for future research and provides practical solutions for real-world applications.Item Comparative analysis of fire evacuation decision-making in immersive vs. non-immersive virtual reality environments(Elsevier B V, 2025-11-01) Zhang Y; Paes D; Feng Z; Scorgie D; He P; Lovreglio RUnderstanding emergency behavior is crucial for designing safer, resilient infrastructure. Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) realistically simulates emergencies but is resource-intensive, so systematic comparisons with non-immersive VR remain scarce. To address this gap, a multifactorial VR fire-evacuation experiment was conducted in which participants navigated a room with three exits under varied conditions (e.g., social influence, smoke presence, exit distance, exit familiarity). Results indicated no significant difference in overall decision-making between immersive and non-immersive VR. Nevertheless, immersion modulated key factors: in immersive VR, participants preferred nearer exits, were more susceptible to social influence, and experienced stronger effects of smoke and exit familiarity. Smoke also reduced the influence of exit distance. Personal factors (e.g., prior VR experience, age, gender) shaped perceptions and emotions; heightened negative emotions and perceived risk were associated with less rational (i.e., suboptimal) choices, particularly in immersive VR. These insights inform VR safety training, guiding simulations that more faithfully replicate real emergencies.Item Real-Time tracking and analysis in construction projects: A RealCONs framework(Elsevier Ltd, 2025-09-01) Radman K; Jelodar MB; Lovreglio R; Ghazizadeh E; Wilkinson SConstruction projects increasingly rely on processing vast amounts of data from multiple sources, including consultants (BIM), cloud-based project management platforms (e.g., Aconex), planning departments, construction sites, main contractors, and subcontractors. However, inefficiencies in data acquisition and reliance on manual data entry hinder real-time project analysis, delay notifications, and decision-making. This study introduces the Real-Time Data-Driven Construction Project Analysis Framework (RealCONs) to address these challenges by streamlining data flow and enhancing project performance. A comparative analysis used eight case studies four employing the existing approach and four utilising RealCONs—to assess improvements in data integration, early delay identification, and decision-making efficiency. The results, validated through Earned Value Management (EVM) and Earned Schedule Management (ESM) metrics, demonstrate that RealCONs significantly enhance project forecasting accuracy, schedule adherence, and cost management. Additionally, statistical analyses, including the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank analysis, confirm that RealCONs outperform the existing approach by reducing data collection and decision-making delays, enabling project managers to implement proactive mitigation strategies. These findings highlight RealCONs’ potential to improve project efficiency, reduce costs, and optimise real-time construction management.Item RealCONs: A Digital Framework for Construction Reporting Accuracy and Early Delay Detection(International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction, 2025-05-01) Radman K; Babaeian Jelodar M; Lovreglio RAccurate and timely reporting is essential for effective construction project management. However, existing progress tracking systems often face challenges such as delayed reporting, data inconsistencies, and inefficient documentation processes, compromising report accuracy and prolonging preparation times. This study introduces RealCONs, a digital framework for on-site project reporting management designed to enhance construction site real-time data acquisition, project tracking and reporting. The framework integrates the Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology and Unified Modelling Language (UML) to streamline workflows. A comparative analysis was conducted using case studies from the Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) trade dataset to evaluate RealCONs' effectiveness in 1) improving daily reports generation speed, 2) Reducing reporting errors, and 3) Improving project performance via early delay identification. A mixed-methods approach was employed to validate RealCONs' objectives, analysing daily reports and their preparation times while utilising Earned Value Management (EVM) metrics to assess the impact of early delay identification on project performance (CPI, SPI). The results demonstrate that RealCONs significantly outperforms traditional methods, increasing total report generation by 32.2%, reducing reporting errors by 84%, and enabling earlier delay notifications. Although developed for the E&I trade, the framework offers scalable applications for broader construction and infrastructure projects facing similar reporting inefficiencies.Item A Virtual Reality Exit Choice Experiment to Assess the Impact of Social Influence and Fire Wardens in a Metro Station Evacuation(Springer Nature, 2025-05-19) Lu S; Rodriguez M; Feng Z; Paes D; Daemei AB; Vancetti R; Mander S; Mandal T; Rao KR; Lovreglio RAssessing evacuation time is a fundamental task in fire engineering. One of the key decisions made in evacuation dynamics is exit choice. In this work, we propose a new immersive virtual reality (VR) experiment to assess the effects of social influence and fire wardens’ instructions on the exit chosen. We also investigate if and how the perceived level of authority of the fire wardens (i.e., metro staff members or firefighters) can affect these decisions. The proposed immersive VR experiment includes 12 different scenarios during a fire evacuation in an underground metro station. A sample of 131 participants took part in the experiment, making 1048 choices. We estimate a discrete choice model to quantify if and how these factors affect the participants’ decisions. The results show that both instructions by fire wardens and social influence significantly affect exit choice and that the impact of fire wardens can change depending on their perceived level of authority.Item Real-Time Project Productivity Tracking System: Practical Case in Smart Construction Projects(School of Built Environment, Massey University, 2022-02-17) Radman K; Babaeianjelodar M; Lovreglio R; Wilkinson S; Ghazizadeh E; Shahzad WM; Rasheed EO; Rotimi JOBMotivation: The productivity and progress tracking systems are currently used in construction projects to acquire the site works data and converting to various digital reports. Knowledge gap: To date, capturing and transferring data processes are slow or inefficient because significant human errors occur in the process. Therefore, project managers can omit critical information, and no timely decision can be made related to delay and unproductivity. Aim and objectives: The purpose of this paper is to encompass a real-time project productivity tracking system to register data and manage delays related to an Electrical and Instrument service trade involved in smart construction projects in New Zealand. Research method: The paper aimed to review industries delay reports, use expert judgment experience, and compare the proposed method with current ones. Preliminary or anticipated findings: The finding shows the proposed method uses a combination of smartphone and Ms Project real-time monitoring software to optimise the current site reporting procedure and workflow of productivity managing. Research significance: The presented method should help construction decision-makers enhance time and cost-effectiveness and manage delay better alongside more effective decisions. Meanwhile, hours booked to collect data and update programs and models dropped by 24%.Item Decoding Hospital Evacuation Drills: Pre-movement and Movement Analysis in New Zealand(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2025-04-24) Geoerg P; de Schot L; Lovreglio RHospital evacuations present unique challenges due to the dependency of patients on medical staff and specialized equipment, making the process particularly complex. This study investigates the pre-movement and movement phases during hospital evacuation drills conducted in New Zealand, providing rare and valuable data that are critical for improving evacuation modeling in healthcare settings. Eight evacuation drills were conducted across various hospital units, including General Ward (GW) spaces, a Hyper Acute Stroke Unit (HASU), a High Dependency Unit (HDU), and a Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU), with detailed documentation and analysis of preparation times, pre-movement times, and evacuation speeds. The results reveal significant variability in pre-movement times, heavily influenced by the specific needs of different units and the evacuation methods employed (e.g., beds, wheelchairs, walking). High-acuity units like the HDU, where patients require extensive medical support, exhibited notably longer active preparation times due to the complexity of disconnecting medical equipment. Additionally, horizontal movement speeds were slower for patients evacuated on beds compared to those using wheelchairs or walking. Given the rarity of such data and the uncertainty about the applicability of findings from other building types, this study underscores the need for tailored evacuation strategies that consider the distinct requirements of hospital environments. The findings highlight the importance of accounting for the dependencies on medical personnel and equipment, contributing to more accurate and effective evacuation planning in healthcare facilities. Further, the findings highlight the nuanced behaviours observed during healthcare evacuations, and provide valuable inputs for fire and evacuation modellers when designing for healthcare occupancies.Item Prototyping an immersive virtual reality training system for urban-scale evacuation using 360-degree panoramas(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2022-01-01) Feng Z; Liu C; Gonzalez VA; Lovreglio R; Nilsson DUrban-scale evacuation may take place because of disasters or emergencies. Efforts have been made to enhance the preparedness of communities for urban-scale evacuation. For instance, wayfinding systems are installed and implemented in tsunami-prone regions, indicating the evacuation routes to high ground or inland. However, communities tend not to familiarise themselves with wayfinding systems and the best evacuation routes because tsunami evacuation drills are not normally carried out given the challenges to plan and run them. This study proposes a rapid development approach for immersive virtual reality (IVR) training systems suited to urban-scale evacuation. This approach utilises 360-degree panoramas to represent an urban environment in IVR, getting rid of the process of 3D modelling or reality capture to reconstruct a virtual urban environment. The 360-degree panoramas used in this study were directly acquired via a 360-degree camera. Immediate feedback is applied as a pedagogical approach to inform users. The training objective is to make users capable of identifying evacuation signs and the best evacuation route. This paper outlines a development framework to demonstrate the prototyping workflow of a 360-degree panoramic IVR training system suited to urban-scale evacuation. 360-degree panoramic IVR requires low levels of development efforts and computational resources. Therefore, urban-scale evacuation drills become possible to be rolled out easily and quickly to a wider population using 360-degree panoramic IVR.Item Simulating human behavior under earthquake early warning(Elsevier Ltd, 2025-02-08) Wood M; McBride SK; Zhao X; Baldwin D; Cochran ES; Zhang X; Luco N; Lovreglio R; Cova TEarthquakes are a rapid-onset hazard where advance planning and learning plays a key role in mitigating injuries and death to individuals. Recent advances in earthquake detection have resulted in the development of earthquake early warning (EEW) systems. These systems can provide advance warning to predetermined geographic regions that an earthquake is in progress, which may result in individuals receiving warning seconds before significant shaking is felt at their location. This additional time could allow individuals to take more effective protective actions during the immediate disaster. To demonstrate this, we created an agent-based simulation of a basic apartment that allowed us to randomly and repeatedly simulate an individual receiving and responding to an EEW message. The results of our preliminary simulation show that, in our study environment, earthquake early warning alerts have the potential to allow for sufficient time for individuals to take protective actions.Item Gamification for air quality education: A systematic literature review(Elsevier B.V., 2025-01-09) Daemei AB; Lovreglio R; Feng Z; Paes D; Miller CAir quality is crucial to our health and well-being, as poor air quality can lead to serious health problems such as asthma, allergies, and other respiratory conditions. Educating people about air quality is key to improving awareness and taking action to reduce its negative effects. Gamification offers a creative and engaging way to deliver educational content by incorporating game elements into the learning experience. However, despite its potential, there has been no review of how gamification has been used for air quality education. Thus, this review aims to fill that gap by systematically examining how gamification is applied to air quality education in the built environment. We explored a range of games and applications used to educate the public on air quality. To guide our analysis, we used the Octalysis framework, which focuses on game elements that motivate and engage users. Following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we identified 19 relevant papers published between 2009 and 2023. From these, we developed 8 research questions to guide the review process and analyzed the game elements using the Octalysis framework. Our findings show that most studies focus on residential buildings, with a key focus on raising awareness of the health impacts of air pollution and managing asthma. Notably, many of these studies target children, who are more vulnerable to air pollution. We also introduce the first taxonomy for gamification in air quality education, providing a clear structure for future game development in this area. Finally, the review highlights the need to explore other educational topics that could benefit from gamification, and how this approach could improve both indoor and urban air quality, as well as reduce energy consumption.