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Item The growth of Shannon : the impact of economic change on a country town : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University(Massey University, 1968) Tannock, J. L. McCIt was the aim of this study to arrive at a better understanding of the present functions and morphology of a small New Zealand country town through an examination of the principal economic processes of its past. It is apparent from this investigation that there has been a close relationship between intensity of economic activity and growth-rate. Furthermore, the nature of the economic activities affected the kind of development which took place. In addition, it was found that the changing functions necessitated by fluctuating economic forces left residuals which are not only a key to the past but also influence the present character of the town. Although it shares many of the characteristics of other small North Island towns the unusual nature of its past has bestowed a certain individuality on Shannon.Item John Selden's History of tithes in the context of two of his other early works : a thesis presented for the degree of Master of Arts at Massey University(Massey University, 1987) Loncar, KathleenIn the seventeenth century one very keenly contested issue was that of tithes. In many areas these were still levied in kind - one-tenth of all pro-duce of the land - though some had been commuted to money payments. Because so much former monas tic land had come into possession of lay persons at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, many of the tithes were held by lay landlords and were not being paid to the clergy. Also some former monastic lands were exempt from tithe. As a result, many parish livings no longer provided a reasonable livelihood for a clergyman. The Church was trying to regain the tithes, which it saw as rightly Church revenue, by arguing that tithes were a levy set by divine law for the upkeep of the clergy. Those who believed this based their argument on the Bible, and also on canon law, which gave con-trol of the tithes to the Bishops. They maintained also that any dispute over tithes must be determined in the ecclesiastical courts. The landed interest on the other hand said that as tithes were a levy on land, disputes over tithes belonged properly to the common law courts. When John Selden wrote his History of Tithes he elected not to enter the argument as it stood, but claimed to set out in full the whole history of tithes from the time they were first levied. In the course of this history he not only examined Biblical texts and writings of pagan antiquity, but also early Saxon laws for tithing in England. However he spent a very great part of the work in discussing the medieval period, including researching and quoting from wills, chartularies and legal cases. In the course of this analysis he argued that tithes, not only in England but throughout Europe, were established by secular law, and disputes about them were properly matter for the secular courts; also that when tithes had been legally conveyed by will or gift to a monastic church this created a valid title in law which must stand. Most of these conveyances were made prior to the thirteenth century; after that the title to tithe was settled in the parish rector. Selden allocated the second half of the work to examining the situation in England in detail, and showed that as all the former monastic lands in England were held by the right of the Statutes of Dissolution of the Monasteries, with all the rights inhering in them at the time of the Dissolution, all the rights to tithe and exemptions from tithe held by lay persons should remain with them. However he also claimed that the clergy were more assured of their right to the tithes they held by accepting his argument than they were if they claimed them by divine law, since not everyone believed in divine law. He believed that the Church's rights were inextricably linked with the land, and if this linkage were broken the stability of society would be disrupted, and the parish clergy would be in danger of losing their rights altogether. To obtain a full understanding of his thought on the matter, this thesis examines the History of Tithes in the context of two of his other works written at about the same period, in which ancient laws were researched and the importance of the early Middle Ages, which he saw as the seminal period for the constitutional and legal framework of society, demonstrated.Item Crown and gown : relations between the crown and the universities during the reign of James II, with special reference to Roger Morrice's "Entring Book"(Massey University, 1994) Brock, Shona COn March 6, 1688, Anthony a Wood, antiquary of Oxford, wrote that it had been the prediction of the late King Charles that when James, Duke of York came to the Kingship "he would not continue in the throne above 3 years. " In commenting thus Charles demonstrated remarkable foresight, for despite ascending the throne in 1685 amidst a wave of fervent royalism and unprecedented Parliamentary support, James, in just three short years, was to lose his crown at the hands of a country sullen and alienated by his efforts to restore Catholicism. Such a complete reversal in public opinion, effected in such a short time, was a remarkable 'achievement', and one in which the universities of Oxford and Cambridge played an integral role. Key components in the crystallization of public opinion against James, they were central to the Protestant rejection of toleration, and ultimately, of their Catholic King. [From Introduction]Item The New Zealand Farm Workers Association : its rise and fall, 1974-1987 : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University(Massey University, 1990) Angove, Nancy ChristineThe New Zealand Farm Workers Association (FWA) grew from a groundswell reaction against the Kirk Government's proposed Agricultural Workers Bill, 1973. The Bill intended to end single sector industrial arrangements for over thirty thousand farm workers on stock, station and dairy farms by bringing them under the Industrial Relations Act 1973. Most farm workers believed this meant the introduction of a forty-hour week, penal over-time rates, compulsory membership and probable representation by the New Zealand Workers' Union ( NZWU). Many farm workers rejected this structure and the FWA resulted, a democratic, grass-roots organisation, run by farm workers for farm workers. It was committed to a framework of voluntary membership and an industrial policy of reconciliation and non-strike activity, concepts believed to suit the rural community of interests. The Association attracted a membership of over eight thousand in its first year. Its initial success was achieved through the efforts of farm workers, the assistance of prominent people and farmer support. A National Party election promise to recognise the FWA led to the Agricultural Workers Act, 1977, which removed the threat from the rival NZWU and perpetuated single sector arrangements in agriculture. FWA successes included the upgrading of Orders in Council relating to farm workers' wages after a delay of sixteen years, the first written agreement on conditions, and the development of policies designed to improve members' living conditions, to enhance their career prospects, and to make eventual land ownership more possible for them. Claims of a rural community of interests were tested by the relationship between the FWA and the employer unions, who were guided by their parent body, Federated Farmers. There was initial cooperation on the updating of Orders, the formulation of the Agricultural Workers Act, 1977, and on research into securing improvements in rural social life. But a fundamental conflict remained over land settlement and over securing better wages and conditions. This divergence became apparent when the FWA found voluntary membership did not ensure its viability. In 1979 the employer unions refused to allow the FWA to introduce a draft membership clause into its Awards, offering alternative assistance instead. Federated Farmers' first concern was to safeguard the continuation of separate industrial arrangements in the rural sector. Although a negotiated clause was accepted in 1982, it did not stop the decline of the FWA which was caused primarily by a lack of support from farm workers themselves. Without a strong following, the FWA was unable to operate as a serious political force. In the face of changing political and economic conditions, the FWA drive for increased status for farm workers was futile, especially after dramatic government policy changes in 1985. Its eventual merger with the NZWU and the passage of the Labour Relations Act, 1987, signalled the end of single sector arrangements and the complete capitulation of the FWA to the trade union system.Item The New Zealand census : some technical and historical aspects : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Statistics at Massey University(Massey University, 1989) Dixon, Shirley AnnThis thesis provides an overview of the New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. Certain critical aspects are examined in detail, including the collection phase involving questionnaire content and the enumeration process, the testing before and after, the preparation of the data for entry into a computer and the subsequent dissemination of the information. The information for this research was obtained from published material from overseas, from published and unpublished material from the New Zealand Department of Statistics and from interviews with some officers of the Department. In each aspect, New Zealand is compared and contrasted with other major countries; specifically America, Australia and India. Because of its geographical proximity, any developments in Australia have an immediate impact on New Zealand. The US Bureau of the Census is often a forerunner in the development of census procedures and techniques. The procedures developed in India to cope with their own specific and peculiar problems in census-taking provide an interesting comparison with those of New Zealand. Where pertinent, aspects of censuses in other countries are also compared with those of New Zealand censuses. New Zealand has adopted many of the procedures used in other countries, but limited resources have hindered or prevented census staff from developing and maintaining some of the procedures used in American and Canadian censuses. In particular, pilot testing of questionnaires has only recently been incorporated into the census procedures, and major post censal evaluations are not conducted. On the other hand, the small size of the New Zealand population has facilitated innovations in such areas as data entry, editing and imputation. The history of census-taking is covered to gain a perspective on the place of the census in modern society. Alternatives to censuses were examined; specifically, regular major surveys, administrative records and data banks. It is found that surveys suffer a lower response rate than censuses and that the problems of differential undercoverage of various population groups experienced in censuses are exacerbated in surveys. Administrative records frequently do not contain sufficient detail, varying definitions are employed to categorise the data and the quality of the data cannot always be assured. Data banks provide a rapidly growing source of information, but currently also suffer from a lack of universal definitions, and many data banks do not incorporate strict quality control procedures as a matter of course. Moreover, strict confidentiality laws currently prevent access by census staff to administrative files and data banks. It could be argued that censuses should continue to be taken because of the need to obtain current, detailed information on all members of any population for planning for present and future needs of that society. A census is the only vehicie for collecting information supplied by all members of the population at a single point in time. If censuses are to remain credible and acceptable to the individual members of a population, challenges must continue to be addressed such as: the accuracy of estimates must be protected by obtained the highest possible response rate from all sections of the population; confidentiality of data must be guaranteed; the costs of the census operation must be kept within budget, while still maintaining high data quality and publication of data in a time frame that is acceptable to users of census data; universal definitions must be employed to minimise the redundancy between censuses, surveys and administrative lists; results of the census must be attractively presented to the public using a variety of media and accompanying analysis reports must be aimed at increasing the public awareness and of the importance and need for regular, successful censuses.Item Oshio Heihachirō and his revolt of 1837 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Japanese at Massey University(Massey University, 1986) Roberts, Geoffrey DeanAlthough there is an abundance of resource material concerning Oshio Heihachiro in Japanese, there is very little in English. Thus, this thesis seeks to make available and analyse for English readers some of the rich offerings that exist in Japanese. It sets out to describe the life and times of Oshio and to analyse the influences that moulded his thought and that ultimately motivated him to take action against the heartless hierarchy and greedy merchants who refused to show any compassion on the desperately poor during the disastrous days of the Tempo Famine (1830-1837). The later life and death in an abortive uprising in 1837 of Oshio Heihachiro were a clear commentary on his thought and teaching, namely, the necessity of the unity of knowledge and action. He was a living embodiment of the Wang Yang-ming dictum, "To know and not to act is the same as not knowing at all". His first-hand knowledge of the situation impelled him to action. Oshio's morality and integrity were sincerely demonstrated in his final act of sacrificing his reputation, and even life itself, for his principles. He was a reformer, not a revolutionary as some historians call him. His motivation was moral, not political. His was the dilemma of being grateful for the favours and status that his family enjoyed through the Tokugawa Shogunate and of being grieved by the corruption and inefficiency exhibited by the Shogunate's representatives, of supporting the system in principle on the one hand and of being exasperated by the intransigence of the system's officials on the other. With scant planning and preparation, he foolhardily attacked the heartless bureaucrats and wealthy merchants of Osaka. This was tantamount to a challenge against the most repressive powers of the autocratic authority of his day, the Shogunate itself. His revolt was fated to fail but it sent ripples in ever-widening circles throughout Japan in the final decades of the Tokugawa period.Item Foxton : a small town in the Manawatu : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University(Massey University, 1968) Hunt, Anthony NealFoxton (2,819)1 is located on a former meander of the Manawatu River three miles from its mouth. It lies on the inland margin of the coastal sand dunes where they begin to merge into the flat alluvial plain of the Manawatu's lower course. To the north-east, at a distance of 24 miles by first class roads, lies Palmerston North (46,832), the main urban centre of the Manawatu, and eleven miles to the south-east is Levin, a bustrling town of 11,402. Passing ten miles to the east is the Main Trunk Railway upon which is situated Shannon (1,544). (see Fig.1) The area surronding Foxton contains two distinct physical units. To the north and west are consolidated sand dunes which run inland from the coast and are separated by small areas of swampy ground. To the south and east lie the former swamplands of Moutoa.Item A study of dairy-farm management in the Waipa county : being a thesis submitted ... for the degree of M. Agr. Sc.(Massey University, 1953) Hutton, John BFarm management differs from the natural sciences in that it can not be studied in the laboratory or on sample plots. It must be studied in the actual operation of real farms. These individual farms differ so widely that large numbers of them must be studied in order to find enough farms similar in any one character to make a sufficient sample. Farm management surveys provide the most practicable method of procuring detailed information, at reasonable cost, on the operation of large numbers of farms. It is now generally accepted that in farm management studies a large number of observations is more important than extreme accuracy in individual observations. The primary object of farm management research is to determine facts and principles that will aid individual farmers to organize their farms most profitably. As Ashby (1934) has pointed out, 'It is not the business of the research worker to tell a man how to run his farm. This is his job. If he can be given information which will assist him in checking up on his policy or actions, then at this point the functions of the research worker cease. A basis for intelligent examination and criticism should be supplied."Item Ngā Marae o Te Māhurehure(Massey University, 1989) Hōhepa, WiremuKo ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te pukapuka nei he mea tuhi nāku mo a mātou tamariki mokopuna o te hapu e whakaingoatia nei ko Te Māhurehure. Ko te pātai e pēnei ana, "He aha ngā mea nui o roto i te ao Māori?" Ko te whakahoki, "He tangata, he tangata, he tangata." I roto i aku whakamārama katoa mo ō mātou marae e rima, i roto i taku kāinga iti, o Waima, ko ngāa tāngata katoa ko rātou nei ngā kai-hautu me ngā kai-awhina i ngā kaupapa katoa, e pā ana ki ia marae, kei te whakanui au i a rātou katoa, no te mea ko rātou ngā kai-whakamahana i enei marae, i te ao, i te pō, i ngā rā, i ngā wiki, i ngā marama, huri te tau, huri te tau. Ko ngā taonga katoa na rātou i tuku iho ki a tātou, mai rā anō i te wā kōhatu, manaakitia, puritia, kia kore ai e memeha, i roto i te ao hurihuri, e noho nei tātou i roto inaianei. Tamariki, mokopuna mā, kia maumahara koutou i ngā wā katoa ki o tātou tūpuna kua wehewehe atu ki te po. Na rātou tātou katoa i tū tangata ai, i roto i tō tātou Māoritanga!Item Struggling for acceptance : the New Zealand Human Rights Commission : a history of the first twenty years 1978-1998 : presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 1999) Lineham, Rebecca MIn the past twenty years human rights have commanded the growing attention of both the most powerful and powerless people in the world. The global focus on nuclear and biological disarmament and on the implementation of 'development' programmes in 'developing' countries is evidence of a world more aware of basic human rights. The recent vote for independence in East Timor, the resulting atrocities, and the world's swift reaction to these, further demonstrate that human rights violations will not be tolerated. The United Nations has also renewed its emphasis on human rights, first outlined fifty years ago in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They have both implemented several UN Development Programmes in Asia, Africa and South America, and focused on drafting many new human rights covenants such as the Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous People. [From Introduction]