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    E kore au e ngaro, he kakano ahau : whakapapa sharing in the context of therapy : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Wellington Campus, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2014) Mitchell, Arna
    Maori experience disproportionately negative outcomes in mental health in New Zealand. The adaptation of therapeutic assessments and interventions to allow more culturally appropriate work with Maori occurs, however, little research promoting an understanding of client’s experience of these adaptations exists. One such adaptation is the sharing of whakapapa (genealogy) between therapist and client. Whakapapa sharing involves a level of therapist self disclosure not yet investigated in psychological literature. This Maori centred analogue study investigates the client’s experience of whakapapa sharing during the first session of therapy. A mixed, between and within subjects design was used, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analysed. 30 Maori women between the ages of 18 and 40 participated in two sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, participants were allocated to either a Whakapapa Sharing group or a Therapist Non-Disclosure group. All participants completed questionnaires measuring the therapeutic alliance, therapy expectancy, outcome of therapy and a cultural questionnaire measuring participant knowledge of their own whakapapa. Participants from the Whakapapa Sharing group also reported on their experience of the sharing. Quantitative analyses revealed no group differences in either the therapeutic relationship measure or the outcome measure. All participants from the Whakapapa Sharing group, regardless of their level of knowledge of their own whakapapa, reported the whakapapa sharing as a positive experience. Further analysis of the qualitative data revealed five main themes; the whakapapa sharing process reported to promote engagement, was perceived as important for Maori, allowed the establishment of connections between therapist and client, provided clients with information with which to form judgements about the therapist and the sharing was seen to be an equitible experience. These themes were arranged into a theoretical model, in which, all five were hypothesised to have a relationship with the power imbalance inherent between therapist and client. Whereby four of the themes were hypothesised to contribute to a decrease in the imbalance of power and the final theme was seen as a result of the decrease in the power imbalance. These tentative findings suggest that the exchange of whakapapa between a therapist and client may serve to decrease the power imbalance in the therapeutic relationship, and as such, it is an appropriate process of engagement in a therapeutic setting with Maori clients, who often experience marginalisation.
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    Bicultural responsiveness in Aotearoa New Zealand : an immigrant counsellor's perspective : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education, Te Kupenga o te Mātauranga, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2011) Lang, Stephen Kenneth Wilfred; Lang, Stephen Kenneth Wilfred
    This thesis examines my response, as an immigrant counsellor, counsellor educator, and member of a counsellors’ professional association, to the call by Māori for counsellors to honour and respect the indigenous culture and Te Tiriti O Waitangi, by developing bicultural responsiveness. Applying an autoethnographic critical research methodology I chart the shifts in my epistemology, ontology, and axiology, over the duration of this research. In this way I observe my own struggles to change my ‘ways of being’, by blending my academic, poetic and journal writing. Central to the dissertation are three articles published during the course of my doctoral research, which analyse the (re)formation of a counsellors’ professional association as a biculturally responsive organisation; the task of finding ‘common spaces’ that privilege cross-cultural ethics; and the use of Noho Marae in the (re)education of counsellors. The research produced a shift in the researcher’s view of himself from being Pākehā to Tauiwi, and this change altered his perception of biculturalism and the Treaty of Waitangi. The autoethnographic research method was most suited to the task of in-depth personal analysis; and there emerged a view that the struggle to adopt counselling practices that are biculturally responsive, though difficult to achieve and prone to recidivism and regression, develops alongside the shift in an individual’s worldview and cultural identity. Non-Māori of all cultures need to collaborate with Māori, and in a three stage sequence, acknowledge our mistakes, make amends, and become wiser in the process. This thesis argues that, among other initiatives, the proposal by the counsellors’ association for bicultural consultation to become mandatory will assist with this development of bicultural responsiveness through increased opportunities for interaction and dialogue. This will create ways of deconstructing dualism and advantaging holistic views of health by reintegrating all aspects of well being; as envisioned by the concept of Hauora.