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    Baby food pouches and Baby-Led Weaning: Associations with energy intake, eating behaviour and infant weight status.
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024-01-01) Cox AM; Taylor RW; Haszard JJ; Beck KL; von Hurst PR; Conlon CA; Te Morenga LA; Daniels L; McArthur J; Paul R; McLean NH; Jones EA; Katiforis I; Brown KJ; Gash M; Rowan M; Fleming EA; Jupiterwala R; Bruckner BR; Heath A-LM
    Although concern is frequently expressed regarding the potential impact of baby food pouch use and Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) on infant health, research is scarce. Data on pouch use, BLW, energy intake, eating behaviour and body mass index (BMI) were obtained for 625 infants aged 7-10 months in the First Foods New Zealand study. Frequent pouch use was defined as ≥5 times/week during the past month. Traditional spoon-feeding (TSF), "partial" BLW and "full" BLW referred to the relative proportions of spoon-feeding versus infant self-feeding, assessed at 6 months (retrospectively) and current age. Daily energy intake was determined using two 24-h dietary recalls, and caregivers reported on a variety of eating behaviours. Researchers measured infant length and weight, and BMI z-scores were calculated (World Health Organization Child Growth Standards). In total, 28% of infants consumed food from pouches frequently. Frequent pouch use was not significantly related to BMI z-score (mean difference, 0.09; 95% CI -0.09, 0.27) or energy intake (92 kJ/day; -19, 202), but was associated with greater food responsiveness (standardised mean difference, 0.3; 95% CI 0.1, 0.4), food fussiness (0.3; 0.1, 0.4) and selective/restrictive eating (0.3; 0.2, 0.5). Compared to TSF, full BLW was associated with greater daily energy intake (BLW at 6 months: mean difference 150 kJ/day; 95% CI 4, 297; BLW at current age: 180 kJ/day; 62, 299) and with a range of eating behaviours, including greater satiety responsiveness, but not BMI z-score (6 months: 0.06 (-0.18, 0.30); current age: 0.06 (-0.13, 0.26)). In conclusion, neither feeding approach was associated with weight in infants, despite BLW being associated with greater energy intake compared with TSF. However, infants who consumed pouches frequently displayed higher food fussiness and more selective eating.
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    Breakfast intake, habits and body composition in New Zealand European women : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2017) Cullen, Elizabeth Margaret
    Background: The rise of obesity and related poor health outcomes is rampant in New Zealand. Dietary factors are key in the aetiology of obesity. One dietary factor with wide reaching implications on health and weight maintenance is breakfast consumption. Breakfast consumption has declined in New Zealand in recent years, and adverse health outcomes have risen concurrently. Breakfast consumption has been associated with lower BMI, improved appetite control, better diet quality, and more stable glycaemia. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and compare reported and observed breakfast consumption between obese and normal weight New Zealand European women aged 18-45 years, living in Auckland, New Zealand. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, healthy women (n=75 normal BMI, n=82 obese BMI) completed a 5-day food record, an observed ad libitum buffet breakfast assessment and body composition measurements. Nutrient intake, food choices and behavioural aspects, including pace of eating and meal skipping data were obtained and analysed. Results: More normal BMI women (n=69; 84.1%) than obese BMI women (n=56; 74.6%) consumed breakfast daily. Obese BMI women consumed significantly more energy at the observed breakfast (1915 ± 868 kJ) than at the recorded breakfast (1431 ± 690kJ, p<0.001); however neither BMI group met one third of estimated energy requirements at either breakfast occasion. Carbohydrate consumption was lower than recommended (AMDR: 45-65%) in both groups in the recorded breakfast (40.7% and 42.6%; normal BMI and obese BMI respectively), whereas total fat consumption was higher than recommended (AMDR: 20-35%) (36.5% and 35.9% respectively). Protein consumption was within AMDR recommendations (15-25%) for both groups in the recorded breakfast (16.3% and 17.5%) but not in the observed breakfast, (13.0% and 14.0%), obese BMI and normal BMI respectively. Foods with the greatest contribution to energy at the observed breakfast for obese BMI women were discretionary items (fats, cake and biscuits), compared with sweetened cereals, nuts and seeds for normal BMI women. Having a faster pace of eating and consuming foods with a higher energy density significantly increased the likelihood of falling into the obese BMI category (b=3.11, p=0.016; b=1.35, p=0.042 respectively). Conclusions: Consuming a breakfast, particularly one that contains whole grains, fruits and low-fat dairy products, and minimising discretionary items could enable women to more closely meet dietary recommendations, and as a result, improve health outcomes. Key words: breakfast, obesity, energy intake, appetite, pace of eating