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    Resource partitioning between two competitive species, the hihi (Notiomystis cincta) and bellbird (Anthornis melanura), during the non-breeding season on Tiritiri Matangi Island : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2012) Roper, Michelle
    Understanding the level of competition and resource partitioning between New Zealand’s ecological honeyeaters is important for hihi (Notiomystis cincta) conservation management. Hihi management on Tiritiri Matangi Island has been thought to be hindered by competition with bellbirds (Anthornis melanura), particularly at the supplementary sugar water feeders. With some inconsistent results in differences between their foraging ecology at different locations and seasons, I collected data on the foraging ecology of both hihi and bellbirds on Tiritiri Matangi Island to compare with previous studies at other locations. Nectar was the main constituent of both species diet with fruit only being consumed in the autumn-winter months for both species. The main difference between the species was that hihi consumed more fruit than bellbirds and bellbirds consumed honeydew. Bellbirds foraged more in the higher vegetation layers and on higher nectar value flowers than hihi which corresponded with previous studies. This suggested that resource partitioning is likely to be in the form of bellbirds defending the best resources of higher nectar value in the higher vegetation layers with interference competition and hihi obtain resources with exploitation competition by utilising flowers which are often smaller, less abundant or produce less nectar in the lower vegetation layers. Male bellbirds and hihi were the most frequent visitors to the supplementary feeders. With few interspecific interactions it suggests that male bellbirds are unable to defend the feeders due to the feeders being overwhelmed with hihi and also showing how dependent hihi are on supplementary feeding. Female bellbirds were the least frequent visitors suggesting that intraspecific competition is greater at the feeders but only for bellbirds as there was little evidence of high competition between the hihi sexes. There may be some resource partitioning between habitat types as hihi were consistently found at higher densities in the mature forest habitat likely due to their dependence on the feeders and artificial nest boxes, whereas bellbird densities changed with resource availability and breeding season territoriality. The densities of both species were affected by the presence of feeders and nectar availability with positive correlation between the species in the non-breeding season, suggesting that hihi habitat preference was not affected by competitive exclusion from bellbirds. The removal of 100 bellbirds for a translocation had no evident impact on hihi and bellbird densities at capture sites.
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    Abundance and foraging niches of forest birds in part of the Ruamahanga Ecological Area, Tararua State Forest Park : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1989) Moffat, Michael
    To test the applicability in New Zealand of ecological theories derived from the study of northern temperate and tropical avifaunas, the bird community in part of the Ruamahanga Ecological Area, Tararua State Forest Park was studied from October 1982 until February 1985. A modified five-minute bird count to determine the relative abundances of each bird species with a near/far ratio proved useful in assessing the distribution of the common bird species but was inadequate for the rarer species. Twenty-nine bird species were seen, twenty-one of which probably bred within the study area. Eleven forest bird species were seen with sufficient frequency to apply the near/far. Bird species diversity was significantly correlated with foliage height diversity, but not with plant species diversity. Principal component analysis was used as a graphical tool to describe the inter-relationships of bird species distribution with plant species and plant structure in greater detail. Bird species composition was related to both the forest structure and the plant species composition. The distributions of ten common bird species were positively correlated with high canopy forest, five species with red beech-doninated forest and five species with podocarp/broadleaf-dominated forest. Many of the bird species were most abundant at the end of the breeding season in February-March. This was not apparent from consideration of the five-minute bird counts alone because of seasonal changes in conspicuousness. The modified five-minute bird counts were useful indicators of bird movement into and out of the study area. Only whiteheads shoved consistent seasonal changes in altitudinal distribution, higher in summer than in winter. By determining the relative importance of foliage height, tree species and substrate bird species foraging niches were examined. Foraging site showed the greatest difference between bird species, followed by tree species and then foraging height. Comparison with other studies showed that there is a large degree of plasticity in foraging niche site between habitats in New Zealand birds. Foraging niches of congeners in Australia and New Zealand were similar. Each bird species preferred different species of trees for foraging. In winter decreased foraging niches overlaps were observed in conjunction with mixed species flocking. Studies of New Zealand birds indicate that foraging niches are sufficiently plastic for forest conservation management strategies be considered on a forest by forest basis. The plasticity of foraging niches may also account for the small proportion of introduced birds in the study area. Competition is probably important in structuring the forest bird community. Both niche breadths and niche overlaps were comparable with studies on much richer bird assemblages. Introduced birds were largely confined to forest margins and to resources which were previously used by extinct native birds, suggesting that the remaining native birds are successfully excluding introduced birds.