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Item Incorporating hydrology into climate suitability models changes projections of malaria transmission in Africa.(Springer Nature Limited, 2020-08-28) Smith MW; Willis T; Alfieri L; James WHM; Trigg MA; Yamazaki D; Hardy AJ; Bisselink B; De Roo A; Macklin MG; Thomas CJContinental-scale models of malaria climate suitability typically couple well-established temperature-response models with basic estimates of vector habitat availability using rainfall as a proxy. Here we show that across continental Africa, the estimated geographic range of climatic suitability for malaria transmission is more sensitive to the precipitation threshold than the thermal response curve applied. To address this problem we use downscaled daily climate predictions from seven GCMs to run a continental-scale hydrological model for a process-based representation of mosquito breeding habitat availability. A more complex pattern of malaria suitability emerges as water is routed through drainage networks and river corridors serve as year-round transmission foci. The estimated hydro-climatically suitable area for stable malaria transmission is smaller than previous models suggest and shows only a very small increase in state-of-the-art future climate scenarios. However, bigger geographical shifts are observed than with most rainfall threshold models and the pattern of that shift is very different when using a hydrological model to estimate surface water availability for vector breeding.Item 'The influence of geography on the development of early Rome' : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Arts in History; School of Humanities at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand(Massey University, 2018) Putt, Matthew KarlGeography was an influential factor in the development of the site and city of Rome, affecting both the city itself, and the wider region. Rome was situated in a favorable position on the western cost of the Italian peninsula, with a rich hinterland consisting of volcanic soils fed by high annual rainfall, and a temperate climate. As the city was built on the intersection of two important trade routes, its people had both access to, and some control over, the natural resources of the area. These routes included Via Salaria which transported salt inland from the coast, and the main route north-south along the peninsula which linked the Etruscan tribes in the north with the Greek colonies in Campania. The Tiber River which ran along the northern edge of the city also provided a sea route to trading partners, as well as linking the city to the hinterland upstream. This interaction with close neighbours also introduced new ideas and resources which shaped the direction in which the city developed. The influence of geography cannot be overlooked in any discussion of the development of early Rome, as this was the main factor in the establishment of the early city. The availability of natural resources and key geographical features such as the Tiber River, fertile hinterland, and fresh spring-fed water supply influenced where Rome was situated. Within the location of Rome the river, hills, and valleys all dictated the spatial settlement patterns which affected the layout of the city throughout its history. These geographical features, and the Romans’ interactions with them, affected all aspects of their daily life, from providing the physical building blocks of the city, to the constant risk from natural hazards such as flooding, and also led to the need constantly to modify their environment over time, to meet the needs of a growing city.--From ConclusionItem Spatial images and activity areas in an urban environment : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University(Massey University, 1981) Hill, PeterCognitive-behavioural concepts and their introduction into geography are considered. A proposed schema suggests, and Research Hypotheses propose that the spatial schemata and activity area of individuals are interrelated and that constraints act upon this complex. Data are obtained, by means of a questionnaire/interview, for a population of 50 and evaluation of operational hypotheses is made with respect to this population. Analysis of the data provides strong support for the interactive association of direct experience in and cognition of an urban environment. For the individual, physical distance appears to be a poor proxy for cognitive distance, though a 'group image' is suggested. Temporal constraints are seen to operate as are social constraints on the immediate neighbourhood scale. Socio-economic and personal constraints are not in evidence, which further supports the role of direct experience in the development of spatial schemata. The need to differentiate between the nature and function of the spatial schemata and image is clearly shown.Item Studies in historical geography, agrifood/forestry & geographic thought in New Zealand : a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Letters of Massey University(Massey University, 2016) Roche, MichaelThe work presented for this thesis includes journal articles, book chapters, and one book produced over the span of 30 years and falls into three main domains; historical geography, contemporary agrifood/forestry research, and studies in the history of geographic thought. The historical geography work is further divided into research on forest history in New Zealand, on society and environment, largely in New Zealand in the last decade of the 19th century and early decades of the 20th century, and writing on the discharged soldier settlement scheme. The agrifood research spans from pipfruit to the meat industry. The associated forestry research ranges from afforestation policy, to privatization, corporate forestry, and forest governance. The history of geographic thought research considers the beginnings and distinguishing characteristics of geography in New Zealand. These bodies of work make a sizable and diverse contribution to the geographical literature and to interdisciplinary enquiries amongst geographers, environmental historians, and rural sociologists.Item Numeracy in school geography : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Geography at Massey University(Massey University, 1976) Stewart, Russell JamesGeography is taught in New Zealand secondary schools at three separate levels; fifth form, sixth form and seventh form. There appears at present to be little continuity in the teaching content of the subject, and in the development of practical skills, from fifth form through to seventh form. Research is currently being conducted into geography teaching in New Zealand secondary schools with the intention of providing information with which to formulate a programme of curriculum revision aimed at integrating the geography syllabi from forms five to seven, with an emphasis on the sequential development of practical geographical skills. Many of the practical skills which have been identified in this research involve number operations and therefore require the student to be numerate. A definition of numeracy is proposed, and basic problems confronting students in their learning of mathematics - and so in their development of numeracy skills - are reviewed. A brief analysis of past School Certificate Examination Geography papers is made in order to identify the types of numeracy skills which have been tested in geographical education. The results of a survey of geography students in New Zealand secondary schools serve to provide information on the experience of these students in studying geography and mathematics. Information on the extent of continuity of geographical study is used to show that an integrated geography syllabus could be successfully operated. Although the incidence of the geography/mathemetics subject combination is found to be relatively high, it is suggested that provision in the new integrated geography syllabus be made for formal instruction in numeracy skills. A systematic analysis of the numeracy skills used in secondary school geography concludes this thesis, which has sought to show that it is necessary to identify and examine the types of numeracy skills which have been used in past geography examination papers, and which are therefore implicit in the existing geography syllabi, before proceeding to the formulation of an integrated syllabus for forms five to seven and to the programming of the sequential development of skills within this syllabus.Item The origin and evolution of urban form in Wanganui East, Gonville and Castlecliff : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University(Massey University, 1970) Dickson, Thomas GordonThe decision to study the urban form of Wanganui East, Gonville and Castlecliff (Plates 1,2 and 3) was made in 1968 after discussions with Mr. Ross, the then Town Planner for the City of Wanganui. Tho topic was chosen for two reasons. It was felt that the results could provide an insight into the evolution and nuture of the suburbs concerned, which would be of use to the City Planners. In addition it allowed for study in depth of concepts which appeared to be of considerable relevance not only to the geographer, but to the community as a whole. The three suburbs were selected because they alone within the present Borough of Wanganui had once existed as separate towns (see AppendixA), and it was thought that because of this they might exhibit distinctive characteristics in their physical form. This hypothesis appeared to be supported by a preliminary investigation of the material available. Concomitant with this assumption and resultant hypothesis was the belief that it was in any case important to examine and identify the elements of form in urban areas. It was felt that these, if investigated properly, could be helpful in correcting some of the problems inherent in the suburbs, and in New Zealand towns in general.Item At home in preschool care? Childcare policy and the negotiated spaces of educational care(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 1/05/2013) Gallagher AConcerns have been raised across a range of discplinary perspectices about the heightened policy expectations which are being placed on the educational outcomes of preschool services leading to suggestions of over formalisation of the preschool space. In light of these concerns, this paper will explore how new socio-economic expectations around educational care are actually shaping the preschool space. By doing so I will argue that concerns over the formalisation of educational care need to be considered with reference to the different contexts and sectors in which educational care is being provided. In offering a more situated analysis, formalisation processes can be seen as highly contingent, as they are articulated within existing social norms around the care of young children. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Item The caring entrepreneur? Childcare policy and private provision in an enterprising age(PION LTD, 1/06/2014) Gallagher AMChildcare has become a recent focus of government intervention. Concerns have been raised about the soaring costs for parents, patchy provision, and the often small and unprofitable nature of the services themselves. This paper will explore how the problem of sustainability in the childcare sector is being addressed through a neoliberal development rationale. Focusing on the Irish childcare sector and the childcare funding programme introduced in 2006, I will illustrate how a particular entrepreneurial subjectivity has been mobilised to remedy the perceived problems of private sector childcare. I refer to this subjectivity as the ‘caring entrepreneur’. After I outline the contours of this subjectivity, the final section of the paper will examine how it is being realised within a rural childcare market, in the process offering a more situated account of what ‘sustainability’ means in place.
