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    Papua New Guinea national human development report
    (2014-11-10) Banks GA
    Papua New Guinea (PNG) stands at a critical moment in its development. With Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of over 20 per cent expected for 2015, following the start of production from the massive PNG Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) project, the country has a unique opportunity to leverage significant sustainable and equitable improvements in levels of health, education, income and other elements of inclusive human development. At the same time, the country also faces considerable risks. If poor choices are made, the impact of the high growth rates will be limited, even detrimental to the development prospects of Papua New Guineans and the nation and the lives of people living in poverty. This report aims to provide information and national as well as international case study experiences to assist decision-making in the country. The report has four purposes: (1) Review the extent to which Papua New Guinea’s revenues from extractive industries have led to practical human development outcomes; (2) Reveal lessons from other countries that can be useful for Papua New Guinea; (3) Highlight some specific innovations from Papua New Guinea’s experience that can contribute to development in other countries; and (4) Stimulate, inform and shift the debate in the country to enable leaders to make appropriate choices for the wellbeing of citizens. Papua New Guinea’s 40 year history of Independence has been dominated by the extractives sector. Large-scale mine and oil production (worth at least K150billion since Independence) has driven formal sector growth, underpinned budgets that have improved health and education outcomes, as well as provided significant improvements in incomes and livelihoods for some. At the same time however, this production has sparked civil strife, caused massive environmental damage, arguably distorted the economy, and brought about a range of negative impacts on communities. Valuable lessons are being learnt (and have potential international relevance), but still the risk remains that the existing model of economic growth in the country will not deliver sustained improvements in wellbeing for the majority of the population. The report reviews the state of human development in Papua New Guinea in terms of the three pillars of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental – and specifically examines the ways in which the extractive industries have contributed – positively and negatively – to these related but distinct pillars. While there have been some measurable achievements in terms of improvements in human development (increases in life expectancy, per capita income and educational achievement), many of the indicators are less positive. Despite 14 consecutive years of economic growth, there has been little change in poverty levels in the country. In fact the level of inequality in the country has increased. There is much that is positive about the contribution of the extractives sector to Papua New Guinea’s development, including significant revenue flows to government, cutting edge innovations to enhance revenue and transparency at the national level, as well as the involvement of some communities in some operational decision-making. There remains however, considerable scope for improvement. Other positive impacts include recent initiatives addressing service delivery, governance, and policy direction that provide useful guides to future action. The report reviews the significant amount of national and international experience and recent policy development throughout the extractives sector, much of which has been driven by the realization that mineral and oil wealth has not always been a positive force for a country’s national development. The term ‘resource curse’ captures the international view that growth based on a dominant extractives sector can, if not managed well, lead to a range of negative effects, including stunted economic growth, corruption, weak institutions, conflict, human rights abuses, and poor human development outcomes. There is also, however, experience that suggests the ‘resource curse’ is not inevitable: that there are particular political, institutional and economic mechanisms that can be used to better connect resource wealth with sustainable human development. Papua New Guinea is on the frontline of innovation in some of these areas, and valuable lessons can inform international best practice and decision-making. Based on a review of the state of human development and the experience of the extractives sector in Papua New Guinea, along with case studies and lessons from the national and international experience, the report presents a range of policy options – framed around a United Nations Development Program’s Strategy on Extractive Industries and Human Development. This aims to assist in better translating minerals and oil revenues into more sustainable and inclusive forms of human development. For this to happen, countries should seek to capture as much of the resource revenue as possible through transparent and accountable systems - without losing the foreign investment - and use this to boost human development through effective service delivery to the largely rural-based population, while working to reduce the negative social, economic and environmental impacts. Policy options to do this include ways of making policy frameworks and operation-specific negotiations more effective and more inclusive, refinements in institutional governance and service delivery, improvements to transparency and management of revenue flows (though mechanisms such as the Sovereign Wealth Fund and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), the establishment of a formal sector-specific grievance mechanism, a focus on building economic diversification into non-extractive sectors (especially agriculture and tourism), novel environmental management approaches, better integration of corporate community development contributions, and improvements in data collection and management processes. Taken singularly, or preferably as a whole, these options provide the basis for enhancing the contribution of the sector to sustainable human development. They are offered as a basis for public and policy dialogue and debate, which should then form the basis for action. The report recognises that it is only the timely actions of stakeholders in the country – governments, leaders, politicians, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), development partners, citizens and the private sector – that will make a practical and real difference to human development outcomes in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea has a unique window of opportunity to make some of these decisions now. The country needs to grasp this opportunity.
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    Compassion or Corruption? Temporalities of Care and Nationhood in Papua New Guinean Nursing Education
    (Wiley, 26/03/2022) Andersen B
    Nurse educators in Papua New Guinea (PNG) must prepare students for often demoralizing working conditions. This article analyzes classroom and practical lessons in a PNG Highlands nursing college. A variety of pedagogical practices, including role plays and other simulation technologies, were used to socialize students to imagine patients' relatives while making clinical decisions, and to contemplate their own relatives and ancestors in reflecting on their moral commitments to health care. Such practices generate a mode of medical citizenship shaped by a regime of biocommunicability in which Christianity and education are thought to transform one's capacity to detach from the emotional appeals of kin. These pedagogies link the individual subjectivities of health workers to a persistent, though fragile, vision of the nation in which transgenerational, urban-rural kinship is a synecdoche for nationhood (and its deferral), despite professional counternarratives that cast these kinship ties as a slippery slope toward "corruption." [medical citizenship, temporalities of care, nursing simulation, nationhood, Papua New Guinea].
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    The role of the private sector in providing access to educational and employment opportunities in PNG : a case study of the Work Readiness Institute, Lihir Island, PNG : a research project presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development, Institute of Development Studies, Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2020-06) Tyro, Sophie Lynne
    Despite Papua New Guinea being resource rich, the country has struggled to turn these revenues into positive development results with PNG still lagging behind in all development indicators. Mining companies within the country have made effort to contribute positively to development, and are increasingly held to account through critical evaluation and measuring effects by way of social impact assessments. This paper seeks to look specifically at the role of the Work Ready Institute, situated within the special mining lease of Newcrest Mining Ltd., Lihir Island, New Ireland Province. The WRI has been developed by the mining company as a training and development program that provides trainees with the skills necessary to access employment opportunities available within Newcrest and is specifically aimed at young Lihirians. The aims of this research project are, firstly, to investigate the obstacles to educational success that exist for students at the Work Ready Institute, an educational training facility administered by Lihir Gold Limited (LGL). In understanding these challenges, the second aim is to explore how the mine, the WRI, and the trainees can work together for better educational outcomes. The overall context of this research project is to critically examine the education system in PNG by looking at the history of education in PNG and how this history relates to recent curriculum reforms. The research considers the available literature surrounding education in PNG as well as the extractive industries and the way in which the latter can partner with the government to improve educational outcomes in the country. This research considers these through the framework of Corporate Social Responsibility, particularly looking at the motivations of CSR within the mining industry and its influence on outcomes and sustainability of social performance initiatives. Broadly speaking, the conclusion of this research project speaks to the need for social performance initiatives to be well considered in partnership with the very people the project is aimed at through effective social assessment and monitoring. There needs to be a clear objective for the program, and all stakeholders need to understand the objective in order to find success. Most importantly, the outcome of the initiative needs to satisfy business objectives in order to ensure continuity and sustainability during the mine life, as social performance requires long-­term investment in order to deliver effective social change. And herein lies the difficulty: placing priority on business outcomes, like social performance, while also prioritising the needs of the community. True partnerships in sustainable development are when interests of all stakeholders are met.
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    Values-based evaluative management : an integrated and adaptive approach to enhance inclusion, development effectiveness, governance, and sustainability : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2021) Averill, Catherine
    Sustainable development, an articulated goal of development practice in the 21st century (United Nations Development Programme, 2015a) now needs to be inclusive, based on multi-level systems of accountability, and have robust governance. This thesis proposes alternative evaluative management values and principles for inclusive sustainable development that are values-based, integrated, and adaptive. It suggests the way such values and high-level principles could underpin and reposition development, management, and evaluation approaches. An initial idea behind this research was that there needed to be a better way to connect strategic evaluative approaches within management and potentially the new sustainable development goals in international and national development. The impacts and significance of changes for both the broader development context and governance systems of country-level development, and the management and evaluation practices, were examined in the context of countries and donors in two Pacific settings: Papua New Guinea and Aotearoa/New Zealand. To achieve the sustainable development goals, current management theory and practices needs to be reconsidered. This research pointed to the emergence of evaluative management as an identifiable theoretical and instrumental discourse and knowledge frame repositioning and integrating existing management discourses underpinned by values and principles relating to strategic planning, performance management and governance. This thesis proposes that a new model of integrated management – called, in this context, evaluative management that is premised on three values (inclusion, partnership and participation) and three high-level principles (relationality, contextual sensitivity and adaptive response), is needed to underpin such considerations. The potential of evaluative management can only be realised if it is enacted through values and principles that are well communicated and widely understood. This may include effective interaction and communication between different levels of governments, agencies, sectors, regions and communities including non-governmental organisations, private sector, and development partners. This new model of integrated management would also provide the capacity to address inclusion, governance, accountability, and sustainable development with more effective strategic evaluative practices.
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    Exploring the roles of women in indigenous businesses based on customary land : case studies from Papua New Guinea : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2020) Steven, Hennah
    The purpose of this research is to explore how indigenous enterprises based on customary land in Papua New Guinea (PNG) work to empower women. This research is part of the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden project “The land has eyes and teeth”: customary landowners’ entanglements with economic systems in the Pacific that draws upon the notion of land as ‘assemblage’ (Li, 2014). The study brought in a gendered dimension to the project to understand how economic engagements on customary land involve and benefit women. Three examples of small-medium indigenous enterprises from PNG were selected as case studies. Utilising the Pacific Vanua and Tali magimagi influenced research framework, the involvement of women in these cases was examined to understand how they contributed to and benefited from small business engagements on customary land. From executing a mixture of tok stori/stori sessions (storytelling, conversations), semi-structured interviews and participatory observation, the study revealed the significance of indigenous social values and practices that were of critical support to business sustainability on customary land. Women played an important role as the ‘social glue’ within the businesses, maintaining the local value of wanbel to keep social cohesion and harmony within the businesses, communities and, with associated people. This was seen through their work on the maintenance of wellbeing for workers, relatives and communities; meeting socio-cultural obligations and responsibilities, and allowing spiritual values and beliefs to influence their actions and decisions. The desire to maintain these social values influenced the way they behaved. They also played direct business roles as co-managers, financial managers, workers and producers that helped to support business viability and retain customary land for the benefit of the family, clan and community. Further, women benefited from these businesses in various ways including gaining recognition and status in their households and communities. The study shows that customary land ownership is not a barrier to economic development, as widely held perceptions would suggest, rather it is an asset that can facilitate different forms of local development for people and communities in PNG and in the wider Pacific. There is a need to understand economic-centred intentions alongside the social-cultural interests of women to drive context-specific development. A culturally appropriate gender-sensitive framework is proposed in this thesis as an alternative development framework that can guide the work of government policymakers, development agencies and donors to formulate inclusive development programmes that also support women’s other interests in PNG and the Pacific.
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    Genetic studies of Phytophthora on Theobroma cacao from East New Britain and Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of AgriScience (Horticulture) at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2016) Butubu, James
    DNA was extracted from 14 Phytophthora isolates from Theobroma cacao plants (SG2 hybrids, hybrid derived clones and Trinitario varieties) collected from New Britain and Bougainville in Papua New Guinea (PNG). A fragment of the mitochondrial genome cytochrome b (cytb) region was amplified from these DNAs using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared to cytochrome b sequences from Phytophthora palmivora and other Phytophthora (two isolates previously isolated from cocoa lesions and two P. palmivora isolates obtained from culture collection-Australia). All isolates were identical in their cytb gene sequence and similar to P. palmivora. Additionally, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of four isolates from PNG. The syntenic arrangement of genes in one complete assembly was compared with other published mitochondrial genomes. The sequences of four mitochondrial genes (COII, nad2, rps10 and SecY) from the four PNG isolates were aligned with orthologues from accessions of P. palmivora and other Phytophthora species available in the NCBI Genbank reference database. A concatenated data matrix was produced with 2,295 homologous sequence positions. 34 accessions of Phytophthora (including 14 P. palmivora) were used to construct a maximum likelihood tree of phylogenetic relationships. This reconstruction recovered all 10 major clades of Phytophthora previously reported. In this phylogenetic reconstruction, the four PNG isolates were clearly identifiable as P. palmivora and these were closely related to the Clade 4 Phytophthora species P. megakarya and P. quercetora. Of the genes analysed, COII showed greatest variability, resolving P. palmivora into three sub groups. COII was sequenced in all P. palmivora isolates from PNG and used to reconstruct an ML tree. The phylogenetic analyses suggested a potential origin for the PNG strain of P. palmivora in Samoa. Syntenic comparisons of P. palmivora and other clade 4 species identified a potential target for developing a Loop Mediated Amplification (LAMP) assay for P. palmivora near the atpH gene region. DNA amplification primers were designed for this region using PrimerExplorer, V4, Eiken Chemical CO.Ltd) and validated against available DNAs for Clade 4 and other Phytophthora species.
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    Overseas Filipino workers, remittances and sustainability: a study of Filipino migrant workers in Papua New Guinea : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2005) Alvarez, Maria Sylvia
    The chronic economic problems of the Philippines have resulted in the underdevelopment of that country compared to many of its Asian neighbours, forcing millions of its citizens to seek work abroad. Insufficient employment and economic oppo rtunities await returnee migrants once their foreign contracts have expired, meaning that a significant number of migrants revert back to subsistence living upon returning to their home communities. When they have exhausted their savings in meeting the families' basic needs, they often find no alternative means to source an income. This desperate situation causes many returnee migrants to endure more poverty and desolation or to migrate once more. This thesis is a study of the Filipino migrant workers in Papua New Guinea. The primary objective of this research is to identify the measures adopted by the Filipino migrant workers to ward off the potential effects of unemployment and economic hardship which may bring poverty and desolation when workers eventually return to live in their home communities. This study aims to establish how the migrants manage their remittances to make these sustainable in terms of providing income generating opportunities at home. In particular, the study examines whether part of their remittances are transformed into new forms of income-generaitng schemes that may deliver the same or similar levels of income when workers return to live in their home country. This research also explores the different factors that influence people's decision to migrate. Typical migration movement is from the poorer Third World countries to the wealthier industrialized First World countries. This study, however, was a Third World­ Third World migration relationship which is different from the conventional migration movement. The reason for this movement - why Filipino workers migrate to PNG, a Third World country, in search for employment is also examined.
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    From prototype to a model : entrepreneurship in secondary school teacher education (ESSTE) in Papua New Guinea : a research study presented to the Department of Development Studies, Massey University. In partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Philosophy
    (Massey University, 1993) Bablis, Felix Gregory
    One purpose of this thesis is to challenge the current conventional curriculum in secondary school teacher education at Goroka teachers college in PNG and suggest that examples of more appropriate innovations are already present, which need to be given serious consideration. The arguments presented are as follows, education in developing countries like Papua New Guinea still has a school curriculum that is largely academic, verbal, non-practical, and even non-vocational. Alienation from traditional village and community life is one major negative outcome of such curriculum practices. However, there are changes which could be introduced to orientate, at primary, secondary and tertiary level, towards a more appropriately balanced curriculum. 'Community education' has been widely trailed in PNG but 'enterprise education' approaches (a recent term for innovative curriculum under APEID) are discussed as a possible alternative which can be adopted by the PNG education system and in a particular Goroka Teachers College. Goroka Teachers College has also developed a prototype programme in 1990 which encourages 'community' and especially 'enterprise education' as part of an informal education and training process of secondary school student teachers. This study attempts to consolidate on the positive experiences of that project with a view to reforming the ideals of that programme with a possibility to continue its trailing process. The second purpose of this research study is to argue that local communities need assistance from resources both human and otherwise that especially higher education institutions like GTC could share with them. This could be done if not formally, then informally to create planned enterprising activities of a sustainable, and income generating nature. The spin off benefits are numerous as would be discussed in the study. One obvious one for GTC at least, was a vastly improved college-community relationship especially in 1990. The Humilaveka Village Technology project which was undertaken at GTC as presented in this study and the arguments that support its case, was an example of such an iniative.
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    Subsistence food production and marketing in Papua New Guinea : a research paper presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1994) Peng, Peter Benjamen
    Agriculture is the main component of the economic sector of the Less Developed Countries (LDC's) of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In most of these countries, which includes Papua New Guinea (PNG), subsistence agriculture dominates despite the tremendous advances in agricultural technology elsewhere, especially in Developed Countries, in the course of the twentieth century. The characteristic feature of these subsistence farms is low productivity which means small, if any, production surplus over consumption, which results in very little trade between the agriculture sector and other sectors of the country. In LDC's, this has often led to declining food production and increased dependence on imported food as the bulk of domestic food supply is produced by the subsistence sector. In PNG, very similar trends are noted. This paper examines some issues affecting smallholder agriculture and implications for increasing agricultural productivity in PNG. Specifically, the research problem and the focus of this study is firstly, how to increase subsistence food production and secondly, how to effectively move the rural surplus to urban consumers where it is required. To increase productivity, LDC's are faced with two choices; extend land area under cultivation if land is available or improve agricultural technology if land is scarce. While PNG is relatively well endowed with land (more than four times the average for developing countries) , much of the land is too mountainous to convert to arable land, with only less than 0.3 per cent of the land used for annual crops and grazing. The choice of strategy thus is determined by land. This paper shows that the PNG government has under-invested in agriculture, particularly subsistence agriculture. Further investment in research and technology is required, focusing especially on their farming systems. Traditional farmers are not traditionalist by choice. Agricultural techniques have been developed over centuries, through years of accumulated experience of generations of farmers. Extensive literature in agriculture economics show that traditional farmers cannot normally adopt technological innovations unless the circumstances in which they operate are first changed. The important role of marketing in economic development is also underplayed. It is a common fallacy to assume that markets when left to their own devices can lead to increased productivity and efficiency within the distribution system. Government intervention is also necessary in marketing to achieve social goals of self sufficiency in food production. This study attempts to demonstrate that given the right incentives, mostly institutional and technological, subsistence food production can be increased in PNG.
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    Secondary social science teacher training in Papua New Guinea and secondary social studies teacher training in New Zealand : a comparative study : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Education at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1982) Mari, Zenzeng Bofirie Tore
    This thesis is presented in a form of a report on a comparative documentary survey of secondary social science teacher training in Papua New Guinea and secondary social studies teacher training in New Zealand. But because of the complexity of the field, the study has encompassed a number of related areas. The thesis is organized into five chapters. Chapter one introduces the nature of study. Chapter two presents the descriptive information on education and the secondary social science teacher training in Papua New Guinea. Chapter three follows a similar pattern to chapter one but focuses on New Zealand and on secondary social studies teacher training at Auckland in particular. Taken together, these chapters investigate such issues as, firstly, who goes to school and for how long. Secondly, they investigate the background information of the staff and students of the teachers college. Thirdly, these chapters examine the college curricula, how and why they are organized in that manner. In general, these two chapters set the scene and provide the background information as the basis for discussion in chapter four. In chapter four there is an analysis and comparison of education and social science teacher training in Papua New Guinea, and education and social studies teacher training in New Zealand. In doing so, the chapter reveals some of the significant weaknesses of secondary social science teacher training in Papua New Guinea. The final chapter is devoted to making general conclusions and some suggestions for further studies for Papua New Guinea on the basis of the weaknesses identified in chapter four.