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    Probability of freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia 1 in Southeast Asia, China and Mongolia
    (Elsevier B V, 2025-11-01) Wada M; Han J-H; Purevsuren B; Rinzin K; Sutar A; Abila R; Subharat S
    Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia 1 has not been reported in Southeast Asia, China and Mongolia between 2018 and 2024, despite the endemicity of FMD in this region and the continued circulation of serotype Asia 1 in South Asia. While vaccines against Asia 1 are still occasionally used in this region, it is unknown whether the absence of reports indicates true disease freedom or surveillance gaps. This study aimed to estimate the sensitivity of existing passive surveillance systems, and the probability of regional freedom from serotype Asia 1 across eight countries using the scenario tree approach. Two stochastic scenario tree models were developed to estimate surveillance sensitivity for FMD (any serotypes) and serotype Asia 1 specifically. Country-specific input parameters were derived from a questionnaire survey of in-country experts on FMD vaccination practices, smallholders’ behaviour, sampling protocols and diagnostic laboratory capacity. Additionally, 2010 – 2022 data on FMD clinical samples submitted and confirmed Asia 1 cases were obtained from the World Reference Laboratory for FMD. Under a design annual incidence rate of 10 % at the village level and 20 % at the animal level, estimated surveillance sensitivity for FMD ranged from 100.0 % in Mongolia and 95.9 % in China to 1.7 % in Cambodia and < 0.1 % in Myanmar. Using the effective design incidence rate with a median of 0.02 – 0.07 % at the village level and 20 % at the animal level, the probability of detecting Asia 1 was estimated to be 0.0 – 6.7 % per country and 14.5 % for the region. The estimated probability of regional freedom from Asia 1 was 53.9 % after the first year without reporting. Over years of no reporting, this probability would increase, only if an annual risk of introduction remained below 6 %. The results were most sensitive to parameters related to sampling intensity and smallholders’ behaviour, particularly in countries with high surveillance sensitivity, such as Mongolia and China. Our findings highlight the low sensitivity of passive surveillance in the region, suggesting that serotype Asia 1 may have remained undetected under the current surveillance efforts. Strengthening data collection and continued efforts in increasing surveillance intensity are essential to improving confidence in the regional freedom from serotype Asia 1.
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    Challenges and considerations of applying nature-based solutions in low- And middle-income countries in Southeast and East Asia
    (IWA Publishing, 2020-12-10) Lechner AM; Gomes RL; Rodrigues L; Ashfold MJ; Selvam SB; Wong EP; Raymond CM; Zieritz A; Sing KW; Moug P; Billa L; Sagala S; Cheshmehzangi A; Lourdes K; Azhar B; Sanusi R; Ives CD; Tang Y-T; Tan DT; Chan FKS; Nath TK; Sabarudin NAB; Metcalfe SE; Gulsrud NM; Schuerch M; Campos-Arceiz A; Macklin MG; Gibbins C
    Low- and middle-income countries in Southeast and East Asia face a range of challenges related to the rapid pace of urbanisation in the region, the scale of pollution, climate change, loss of ecosystem services and associated difficulties for ecological restoration. Possible pathways towards a more sustainable future lie in the applications of nature-based solutions (NBS). However, there is relatively little literature on the application of NBS in the region, particularly Southeast Asia. In this paper we address this gap by assessing the socio-ecological challenges to the application of NBS in the region – one of the most globally biodiverse. We first provide an overview and background on NBS and its underpinnings in biodiversity and ecosystem services. We then present a typology describing five unique challenges for the application of NBS in the region: (1) Characteristics of urbanisation; (2) Biophysical environmental and climatic context; (3) Environmental risks and challenges for restoration; (4) Human nature relationships and conflicts; and (5) Policy and governance context. Exploiting the opportunities through South-South and North-South collaboration to address the challenges of NBS in Southeast and East Asia needs to be a priority for government, planners and academics.
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    Field epidemiology capacity of the national veterinary services of Lao PDR: An online survey.
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-03-21) Subharat S; Meunsene D; Putthana V; Tiwari H; Firestone SM; Tavornpanich S
    INTRODUCTION: Capacity in veterinary epidemiology is critical to detect, respond and control infectious diseases. Laos veterinary service is limited by having only a small number of veterinarians who graduated from overseas. Animal science graduates support the majority of the Laos veterinary services. The veterinary program was established in 2009 at the National University of Laos. We aimed to understand the national veterinary epidemiology capacity and identify gaps and training needs. METHOD: A cross-sectional online study was conducted in 2021 targeting central (DLF), provincial (PAFO) and district (DAFO) government animal health officers and veterinary/animal science academics (n = 332). The questionnaire addressed skills, experiences and perceived training needs in outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, data management and analysis, epidemiological surveys, One Health, leadership and communication and biosecurity. A descriptive analysis was performed and associations between demographic factors and epidemiological skills were examined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In total, 205 respondents completed the questionnaire (61.8% response rate). Respondents reported low or no skills and experience in data management and analysis, epidemiological surveys and One Health. In contrast, higher but limited skills and experiences were reported in outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and biosecurity. Previous epidemiology training was primarily associated with stronger experiences in veterinary epidemiology competencies, followed by respondents that had completed a veterinary degree, highlighting the value of the currently available epidemiology training and veterinary-trained personnel in Lao PDR. This study could help inform the Laos government in its policy planning for field veterinary epidemiology capacity and future training.
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    The context and enactment of faith-based social entrepreneurship : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2020) Borquist, Bruce R.
    Faith-based organisations have been at the forefront of efforts to meet human need and effect positive social change for centuries, and they continue to make significant contributions to social welfare. However, a paucity of empirical research into the nature of faith-based social entrepreneurship limits knowledge and theory development and hinders the effectiveness of faith-based initiatives. In response, this thesis explores how a religious worldview intersects with values, gender and institutional logics to influence social entrepreneurial activity. The thesis thereby aims to develop new theoretical insights into the contextual embeddedness of the process of social entrepreneurship. Qualitative, interpretive research based on a social constructionist paradigm was conducted to explore how a religious faith context influences the enactment of social entrepreneurship. Comparative multiple case studies of eight social entrepreneurial organisations located in the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam were undertaken during the period 2016-18. Faith-based, faith-inspired and secular organisations participated in the research. Multilevel thematic analysis of data employed theoretical lenses of universal human values, gender and institutional logics. The research showed that faith-based social entrepreneurship is a distinct, contextually embedded expression of social entrepreneurship. Findings suggest that a religious worldview, values and gender are discrete contexts that influence the what, where, how, who, when and why omnibus contexts in which social entrepreneurship is enacted. In a religious worldview context, social entrepreneurial organisations respond not only to well-documented social welfare and commercial logics but also to a religious metalogic. Consequently, faith-based social entrepreneurial organisations illuminate how organisations experience institutional complexity and manage paradoxical interlogic tensions. The key insight and contribution of the thesis is that contexts of a Christian religious worldview and gender underscore the values-based nature of social entrepreneurship. Further, these contexts reveal the influence of faith, altruistic love and the logic of gratuitous giving on how social entrepreneurship is experienced and enacted.
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    Mangrove forest in sustainable development : a research project presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Development Studies in Social Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1993) Punnoum, Siluck
    The project is concerned with the depletion of world environmental resources and the philosophy of sustainable development as a desirable approach for the protection and conservation of resources. A further interest is also paid to the environmental problems facing developing countries and to the issue of how these nations have responded to their environmental degradation at the sustainable level with special reference to Southeast Asia. Moreover, the project deals particularly with the problem of the mangrove forest depletion in this region. The major issues raised include benefits of the forest, its pressures and impacts, responses on the sustained yield basis towards the mangrove degradation and some recommendations on sustainability, based on the experiences of the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand.
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    Hijau : a mediation between conscious consumption and the contemporary media activism : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master in Design at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2019) Shari, Syamim
    The research project thus examines psychographic data to design for change to enable southeast iGen Asians become conscious consumers by using social media frameworks and techniques. iGens Asian are high consumer of fast fashion with limited knowledge of conscious consumerism. There is an identified gap in the sustainable fashion movement to address conscious consumerism. After outlining iGens’ key pain points and needs, the investigation examines the significant role of social media as a critical shaper in sharing collective knowledge, personal beliefs, desires, and hopes. It then explores how micro-narrative design can be employed to prompt a shift in attitudes towards sustainable fashion. The end goal is to elicit a long-term change starting with small habits. The methodology used in this one-year post-graduate research study encompassed naturalistic observation, in-depth semi structure interview and Instagram innovation. The design output in the form of face- filters provide an accessible platform for iGens in Malaysia to engage with conscious consumption. Furthermore, the flow of the project has been tested with three key participants. The study would be extended before the live release of the filters on Instagram.
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    The impacts of ASEAN free trade agreement on Vietnam's rice sector : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of AgriCommerce at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2014) Nguyen, Thi Lan Anh
    This study employs the standard static GTAP general equilibrium (CGE) model and the GTAP V8 database in order to evaluate the impacts of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) on regional production, consumption, trade, and prices for agricultural and processed foods. Emphasis is placed on the impacts on rice production and trade among ASEAN members. There are four main findings: - Firstly, AFTA leads to a small increase in Vietnam’s rice production and exports when intra-ASEAN rice tariffs are reduced to agreed 2015 levels. However, Vietnam’s rice production and exports would increase much more if ASEAN partners would further reduce their rice tariffs to zero (complete trade liberalization). - Secondly, the results of this research support complete trade liberalization from an economic perspective because it enhances economic welfare gains for the newer ASEAN members, especially Vietnam. Vietnamese and Thai rice farmers’ incomes are likely to improve following complete trade liberalization. For the other ASEAN members, especially the Philippines and Malaysia, the major benefits from complete trade liberalization include an increase in rice consumption, with its positive implications for household food security. In addition, complete trade liberalization will result in better resource allocation and increases in production of goods that exhibit comparative advantage in these two countries. - Thirdly, this study draws further attention to a trade-off between food security in rice and rice self-sufficiency. Complete trade liberalisation leads to decreased prices of rice and some other foods paid by private households, thus enabling them to increase consumption of these goods. However, the decreased rice price and production leads to decreased rice self-sufficiency in the Philippines and Malaysia. - Lastly, the finding of this study supports the trade creation effects of both AFTA, and complete trade liberalization among ASEAN members, which mainly involve trade in rice, other food and agricultural goods. This trade creation outweighs trade diversion in some manufacturing sectors. In brief, the key findings of this study suggest that deeper regional trade liberalisation through complete rice trade liberalization would greatly increase Vietnam’s gains from AFTA and support previous findings that rice trade liberalization can contribute to improving rice farmers’ incomes, thus reducing poverty in Vietnam. The results of this study could also assist policy makers in ASEAN member countries to better evaluate the pros and cons of further opening their rice markets in the future.