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    A study of seasonal variation in farrowing rate on pig units in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1980) Sprey, Yvonne Suzanne
    A study was undertaken to determine the extent of seasonal variation in farrowing rate on commercial pig breeding farms in New Zealand and the influence of some environmental factors on reproductive efficiency. The data comprised monthly farrowing rates covering a two year period and involving five breeding units located in each of four climatic regions ('hot and stable'; 'hot and variable'; 'warm'; and 'cool'). The latter were identified on the basis of mean monthly maximum temperature and mean monthly diurnal temperature fluctuation prevailing during the summer months. Examination of 11,379 observations revealed an overall farrowing rate of 77.1% with the presence of some seasonal variation. Only within the 'hot and stable' region did month of mating significantly influence the farrowing rate. However, in all regions some farms exhibited a considerable decrease in farrowing rate from late spring and summer matings compared with other times of the year. Any possible effect of the regional differences in climate on farrowing rate was overshadowed by marked within-region variation in farrowing rate associated with farms. In support of a farm influence on farrowing rate a subjective classification of housing standards for breeding stock generally placed those with the highest farrowing rate, irrespective of season or location, in the top category, and 'vice versa'. In the temperate climate of New Zealand present findings would suggest that 'summer' infertility can probably be avoided in the healthy breeding herd where attention is given to detail in respect of housing and husbandry standards, thereby avoiding the development of stressful conditions particularly during the critical warmer months of the year.
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    Use of decision science to aid selection of genetically superior animals : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2010) Sherriff, Ryan Leith
    This thesis is concerned with a theoretical simulation model for pig breeding, as part of the ongoing search for the “perfect” genotype. The starting point is an additive model to investigate how accurately the classical, infinitesimal model predicts genetic gain for traits controlled by few loci and few alleles. This initial investigation demonstrates that the infinitesimal model is robust, providing that at least 15 loci are controlling a trait and there is symmetry in the allele distributions. A Genotype-Pig (GE-Pig) model is then developed to apply the additive effects of alleles on sub-phenotypic traits like maximum protein deposition, minimum lipid to protein content in the whole body, ad libitum digestible energy intake, energy for maintenance requirement and water content in the whole body. These parameters are then used in a nutrient partitioning simulation model to growth a pig and calculate traditional breeding traits such as average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and backfat thickness for any combination of alleles. Three algorithms, Genetic Algorithm, Tabu Search, and Simulated Annealing, are used to investigate the GE-Pig model and find optimal combination of alleles for different dietary and selection objective situations. The two diets investigated were either of a low or high quality, and the three selection objectives used were, maximising average daily gain, minimizing feed conversion ratio, and minimizing back fat. A graphical method is developed for easy comparison of the genotypes. Of the algorithms, the Genetic Algorithm performed the best, followed by Tabu Search and finally Simulated Annealing. It is demonstrated that, in general, there is a different, single, optimum for any given selection objective and diet. However under the back fat selection objective, both diets produce the same optimal genotype. Also there are many similarities between the optima for the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio selection objectives. When the theoretical minimum number of generations of selection to the optima is considered, the feed conversion ratio selection objective is the quickest for a breeding program to achieve the optimal solutions, followed by back fat, then average daily gain. It is demonstrated that diet also has an effect on the theoretical number of generations. A Multiple selection objective, using relative economic values applied to the individual selection objectives, is also investigated. For both diets, the majority of the multiple selection objective solutions are in the vicinity of the feed conversion ratio optima, indicating that feed conversion ratio is the most prominent factor. It is also demonstrated that the optimal solution is most affected by the objective parameter weights under low diet conditions.