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Item The use of mental imagery to improve sporting performance : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University(Massey University, 2000) Fowler, PhilipThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mental imagery training on the serving performance of elite junior tennis players. A multiple baseline across subjects design was utilised. Four junior tennis players from the Wellington Regional Tennis elite training programme carried out 29 trials in which twenty serves were observed for accuracy. Baseline measures of tennis serving accuracy were obtained. Consistent with a multiple baseline design, the intervention was introduced at different times for each subject. The baseline measures of tennis serving accuracy were then compared with tennis serving accuracy following the mental imagery intervention. Serving accuracy was then plotted for each trial and subjects' graphs were visually inspected for intervention related change against the baseline performance level. A significant improvement in tennis serving accuracy following intervention was demonstrated for all subjects by statistically significant t-tests (p<0.05). These results supported the experimental hypothesis that mental imagery training would be effective in improving physical performance of elite junior tennis players. It addition to its usefulness in improving physical performance, mental imagery has the advantages of having no risk of injury and is able to be employed outside of normal practice sessions.Item Inequality as affected by pedagogical method in physical education : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Education at Massey University(Massey University, 2006) Slade, Dennis GIt is the author's contention that one of the functions of a state education system within a democracy is to educate its citizens so that they can fully participate in society. Fulfilling that function as a school physical educator requires one to be concerned with movement outcomes based on a good citizen model. A good citizen model of physical education translates to a physically well-educated populace that has benefits for citizens at individual, community and national levels. For the individual there are health benefits of a physical, emotional and spiritual kind. At a community level, there are the social capital benefits associated with the interaction and fellowship that transpire when people meet to play sports, recreate or take part in leisure. Such interaction encourages socialisation and can even give communities a focus and direction. Nationally, a fit and active populace promotes greater participation in society, involvement with issues and less demand on health services. This study evaluated, using instruction in tennis in a physical education context, whether a personalised mastery learning programme of instruction that incorporated individualised goal setting, accelerated motor-skill learning towards achieving mastery or competency in movement at a rate faster and, therefore, more effectively than traditional motor-skill learning instruction. If it did, then a recommendation from this study would be that in order for teachers to fulfil their function within a 'good citizen' model of instruction in physical education that they adopt, where applicable, mastery learning strategies to ensure that as many students as possible achieve mastery of fundamental movements. It found that those learning conditions produced a positive learning environment and notable final student competency levels that appeared counter intuitive to the plateau effect frequently associated with motor-skill instruction and learning.