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    The development of trust in venture capital-financing relationships : a 152.800 research thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Studies at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2004) Gibbons, Anthony John
    Venture capital-financing in New Zealand, still in its relative infancy, will come to play an increasingly important role in the economic growth of this country. Of the very limited research conducted in this area in New Zealand, the focus has been on hard data of numbers of ventures and dollars invested. Of growing interest in other industrialised markets, across all business disciplines including venture capital-financing, is the facilitative role of trust in contributing toward successful commercial outcomes. Using a qualitative approach, this thesis applies current knowledge of trust in venture capital-financing relationships to the New Zealand context and combines both survey and interview data collection methods. An adaptation of the grounded theory method is used to analyse the results. Arising from this analysis is the construction of a model illustrating the development of trust within venture capital-financing relationships. Comprehension of the model and overall research findings employs the explanatory power of a five-pillar theoretical construct of trust development comprised of agency theory, prisoner's dilemma theory, social exchange theory, procedural justice theory and interpersonal trust theory. This thesis concludes that ultimately, venture capitalists have greater control over ventures than entrepreneurs, and also that venture capital-financing relationships in New Zealand generally lack a strategic approach to the development of trust. Further, failure by venture capitalists and entrepreneurs to proactively develop trust renders their relationships prone to destruction, as predicted by existing theoretical precepts.
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    Political ties and venture capital : evidence from China : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Finance at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2016) Wang, Qing
    This thesis investigates whether venture capital firms (VCs) benefit from political ties (PTs), and whether VCs add value to China’s public equity market by constraining earnings management (EM) and improving corporate governance of their backed firms. The first essay examines whether PTs facilitate VCs’ successful exits via either initial public offerings (IPOs) or merger and acquisitions (M&As). Using a sample of 2578 Chinese portfolio firms that received their initial VC funding during 2004-2010, this essay shows that PTs increases the likelihood of VCs’ successful exit through mainland stock markets and M&A markets. It further shows that VCs with management-level PTs enjoy greater success than those with ownership-level PTs, whereas no significant difference between central and local government PTs on VC exits. The second essay examines whether VCs with PTs are better able to constrain opportunistic earnings management (EM) in Chinese IPO markets. It shows that IPOs backed by VCs with ownership-level PTs are more likely to conduct opportunistic IPO-year EM, while those backed by VCs with management-level PTs are associated with lower IPO-year EM. The higher EM in IPOs backed by VCs with ownership-level PTs is mainly driven by VC lock-up sale within six months following VC lock-up expiration, while the lower EM in IPOs backed by VCs with management-level PTs is not significantly associated with VC lock-up sale. Lastly, IPOs subject to immediate exits from VCs with ownership-level PTs exhibit poorer post-issue stock performance, while IPOs backed by VCs with management-level PTs exhibit better post-issue stock performance regardless of VC lock-up sale. The final essay investigates how VCs influence the size and composition of corporate boards. Using hand-collected data from 924 IPO prospectuses, this essay shows that VC-backed IPOs have more independent boards in China. Furthermore, VCs with management-level PTs improve governance by using their networks to recruit specialist independent directors with industry relevant expertise. Lastly, this essay shows that IPOs with more independent boards are not necessarily associated with better performance. However, IPOs backed by VCs with management-level PTs and firms that have a larger percentage of independent directors with industry relevant expertise exhibit higher long-term stock returns.